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[[Central Africa]] > [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] > [[Lomami National Park]]
[[West Africa]] > [[Nigeria]] > [[Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary]]


'''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Lomami_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Lomami_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Lomami_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Español]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Lomami_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Bahasa Indonesia]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Lomami_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Melayu]'''
'''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Afi_Mountain_Wildlife_Sanctuary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Afi_Mountain_Wildlife_Sanctuary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Afi_Mountain_Wildlife_Sanctuary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Español]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Afi_Mountain_Wildlife_Sanctuary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Bahasa Indonesia]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Afi_Mountain_Wildlife_Sanctuary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Melayu]'''


__TOC__
__TOC__
= Summary =
= Summary =


<div style='float: right'>{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers=OpenStreetMap,OpenTopoMap|-1.329433, 25.069388~[[Lomami National Park]]~''Pan paniscus''}}</div>
<div style='float: right'>{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers=OpenStreetMap,OpenTopoMap|6.311318928189273, 8.990745590209793~[[Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary]]~''Pan troglodytes ellioti'', ''Gorilla gorilla diehli''}}</div>
* Bonobos (''Pan paniscus'') are present in Lomami National Park.
* Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes ellioti'') & Cross river gorillas (''Gorilla gorilla diehli'') are present in Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary.
* It has been estimated that 9,500 individuals occur in the park and its buffer area.
* The population sizes are unknown.
* The bonobo population trend is unknown.
* The great ape population trend is unknown.
* The site has a total size of 8,879 km².
* Hunting and farm encroachment are major forms of human disturbance in addition to occasional bushfires.
* Key threats to bonobos are hunting and habitat loss due to expansion of subsistence farming.
* WCS conducts several conservation activities at the site, including awareness activities and supporting patrols.
* Conservation activities have focused on biomonitoring, anti-poaching patrols, and community involvement.




= Site characteristics =
= Site characteristics =


Lomami National Park is situated in the Democratic Republic of Congo, between the rivers Tshuapa, Lomami, and Lualaba ([https://fzs.org/en/projects/democratic-republic-of-the-congo/lomami-national-park/?fbclid=IwAR395-GpOYa7-CrRX18COddTJ-iFnTr-y50TD3sqWBrmgDR54TZJxx_eqSI FZS]). The park was established in 2016, and it covers an area of nearly 9,000 km² and has a buffer zone of approximately 20,000 km². The region is covered by dense tropical rainforests, swamp forests and savannas (Batumike et al. 2020). The park is home to several endangered and rare or endemic species, including bonobos, forest elephants, giant pangolins, hippos, okapis, Congo peafowl, the recently discovered dryas monkey, and the Lesula monkey, discovered in the park in 2012 (Batumike et al. 2020, FZS).
Other sympatric primate species include the endangered white-throated guenon (Cercopithecus erythrogaster), the Nigeria mona monkey (Cercopithecus mona).


'''Table 1. Basic site information for Lomami National Park'''
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
|Species
|Species
|''Pan paniscus''
|''Pan troglodytes ellioti'', ''Gorilla gorilla diehli''
|-
|-
|Area
|Area
|8,879 km²
|104 km²
|-
|-
|Coordinates
|Coordinates
|Lat: -1.329433 , Lon:  25.069388
|Lat: 6.311318928189273 , Lon:  8.990745590209793
|-
|-
|Type of site
|Type of site
|Protected area (National Park)
|Protected area (Wildlife Sanctuary)
|-
|-
|Habitat types
|Habitat types
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Subtropical/tropical swamp forest
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Subtropical/tropical moist montane forest, Rocky areas (inland cliffs, mountain peaks)
|-
|-
|Type of governance
|Type of governance
|
|Governance by government
|}
|}


[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]]  
[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]]  
= Ape status =


= Ape status =


The Congolese Institute for Nature Conservation (ICCN) reported an estimated population of 9,500 individuals (5,800–13,700) in Lomami, including the surrounding buffer zone (IUCN & ICCN 2012).


'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Lomami National Park'''
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
!Species
!Species
Line 61: Line 59:
!A.P.E.S. database ID
!A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|-
|''Pan paniscus''
|''Gorilla gorilla diehli''
|2017
|Present
|
|
|
|Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary
|Reconnaissance walk
|
|[[#R00003|Mengnjo & Imong 2017]]
|Only nest sites/km (0.049) and sightings/km (0.0012) reported
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes ellioti''
|2017
|Present
|
|
|
|Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary
|Reconnaissance walk
|
|[[#R00003|Mengnjo & Imong 2017]]
|Only nest sites/km (0.006) and sightings/km (0) reported
|
|-
|''Gorilla gorilla diehli''
|2009
|
|
|
|
|
|
|25-35
|Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary
|Reconnaissance walk
|
|
|[[#R00002|Imong, Wood & Dunn 2010]]
|
|
|Lomami National Park
|
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes ellioti''
|2009
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary
|Reconnaissance walk
|
|[[#R00002|Imong, Wood & Dunn 2010]]
|Two small chimpanzee groups present.
|
|
|}
|}


[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]]  
[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]]  
= Threats =


= Threats =


Based on village surveys around the park, there is a misconception about hunting in the buffer zone, as villagers often believe that they are allowed to hunt any species in the buffer zone, including bonobos (Batumike et al. 2020).


'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Lomami National Park'''
'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
!Category
!Category
Line 88: Line 124:
!Description
!Description
!Year of threat
!Year of threat
|-
|10 Geological events
|10.3 Avalanches/landslides
|Low (up to 30% of population affected)
|In July 2012, severe of at least 50 landslides damaged large patches of land at Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary ([https://www.berggorilla.org/en/home/news-archive/article-view/landslides-hit-afi-sanctuary/ Berggorilla]).
|2012
|-
|-
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|2.1.2 Small-holder farming
|Present (unknown severity)
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Small-scale subsistence agriculture (cassava, maize and rice) (Batumike et al. 2020).
|At least 1,000 illegal farms (cocoa and bananas) inside the sanctuary destroy available habitat for Cross River gorillas and other key species. Farming outside the sanctuary threatens the viability of the habitat corridor between Afi and Mbe Mountains ([[#R00003|WCS website, Mengnjo & Imong, 2017]]).
|Ongoing (2020)
|2017-Ongoing (2024)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.1.2 Unintentional effects
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Illegal hunting is widespread within the wildlife sanctuary, particularly the setting of wire snares to catch smaller animals such as rock hyrax ([[#R00003|WCS website, Mengnjo & Imong, 2017]]).
|1996-Ongoing (2024)
|-
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5 Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Hunting for subsistence, including bonobos and other species of conservation concern (Batumike et al. 2020).
|In addition to farming, logging outside the sanctuary threatens the viability of the habitat corridor between Afi and Mbe Mountains ([[#R00001|Bukie et al., 2021]], [[#R00003|WCS website, Mengnjo & Imong, 2017]]).
|Ongoing (2020)
|2017-Ongoing (2024)
|}
|}


[[Threats]]  
[[Threats]]  
= Conservation activities =


= Conservation activities =


In 2007, the first team set out to explore and document the region in and around the park. The data collected have been used to improve the protection of the park and gain a better understanding of the distribution of different species ([https://fzs.org/en/projects/democratic-republic-of-the-congo/lomami-national-park/ FZS]). In 2021, the ICCN and Frankfurt Zoological Society (FZS) signed a co-management agreement, which made FZS's Lomami Project leader the director of Lomami National Park.


'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Lomami National Park'''
'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Conservation_activities-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Conservation_activities-table"
!Category
!Category
Line 117: Line 164:
|-
|-
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
|2.3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
|2.11 Implement monitoring surveillance strategies (e.g., SMART) or use monitoring data to improve effectiveness of patrols
|Regular patrols conducted jointly by TL2 project staff (named after the rivers in the project area, Tshuapa, Lomami, and Lualaba) and Congolese Nature Conservation Institute (ICCN) rangers. During patrols, data on species diversity and distribution are also collected, as well as on the occurrence of illegal activities (FZS).
|Gorilla monitoring using CyberTracker/SMART.
|African Wildlife Foundation, Antwerp Zoo Foundation, ICCN
|Cross River State Forestry Commission, Wildlife Conservation Society
|Ongoing (2022)
|2011-Ongoing (2024)
|-
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
|2.13 Provide sustainable alternative livelihoods; establish fish- or domestic meat farms
|WCS trains farmers from Afi in bee keeping and African giant snail rearing as an alternative income source of income.
|Cross River State Forestry Commission, Wildlife Conservation Society
|Ongoing (2024)
|-
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
|2.7 Provide better equipment (e.g., guns) to anti-poaching ranger patrols
|WCS provides essential field equipment to ranger patrols.
|Cross River State Forestry Commission, Wildlife Conservation Society
|Ongoing (2024)
|-
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
|2.8 Provide training to anti-poaching ranger patrols
|WCS provides training ranger in SMART-based patrolling.
|Cross River State Forestry Commission, Wildlife Conservation Society
|Ongoing (2024)
|-
|4 Education & awareness
|4.1 Educate local communities about apes and sustainable use
|WCS provides conservation education and raises awareness within the communities surrounding Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary (27 school conservation clubs, field trips, exchange visits).
|Wildlife Conservation Society
|Ongoing (2024)
|-
|4 Education & awareness
|4.2 Involve local community in ape research and conservation management
|WCS employs local communities around Afi as ‘gorilla guardians’ to help protect gorillas that exited the sanctuary.
|Cross River State Forestry Commission, Wildlife Conservation Society
|Ongoing (2024)
|-
|4 Education & awareness
|4.5 Implement multimedia campaigns using theatre, film, print media, discussions
|WCS outreach program uses radio drama and film shows to spread conservation messages around Afi.
|Wildlife Conservation Society
|Ongoing (2024)
|-
|-
|5 Protection & restoration
|5 Protection & restoration
|5.2 Legally protect ape habitat
|5.2 Legally protect ape habitat
|The site was declared a National Park in 2016.
|Created by Cross River State Government.
|
|Cross River State Forestry Commission
|2016-Ongoing (2026)
|2000-Ongoing (2026)
|-
|5 Protection & restoration
|5.6 Habitat restoration
|Restoration of the degraded Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary in Buanchor, Boki.
|Cross River State Forestry Commission, Life Empowerment Foundation
|2021-2022
|-
|-
|7 Economic & other incentives
|7 Economic & other incentives
|7.1 Provide monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g., REDD, alternative income, employment)
|7.1 Provide monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g., REDD, alternative income, employment)
|The Lomami Conservation Project offers sustainable income opportunities and helps involve the communities in the park development (FZS).
|WCS employs local communities around Afi as ‘gorilla guardians’ to help protect gorillas that exited the sanctuary.
|Cross River State Forestry Commission, Wildlife Conservation Society
|Ongoing (2024)
|-
|8 Permanent presence
|8.1 Run research project and ensure permanent human presence at site
|WCS has supported conservation and research at Afi since 1996.
|Cross River State Forestry Commission, Wildlife Conservation Society
|1996-Ongoing (2024)
|-
|8 Permanent presence
|8.2 Run tourist projects and ensure permanent human presence at site
|
|
|Ongoing (2022)
|Cross River State Forestry Commission
|2000-Ongoing (2024)
|}
|}


[[Conservation activities]]  
[[Conservation activities]]  
= Challenges =
= Challenges =






'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Lomami National Park'''
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
!Challenges
!Challenges
Line 148: Line 248:
!Year(s)
!Year(s)
|-
|-
|
|1 Site management
|Not reported
|1.1 Need for improved leadership
|
|[https://nigeria.wcs.org/Wild-Places/Afi-Mountain-Wildlife-Sanctuary.aspx WCS]
|
|2000-Ongoing (2024)
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|2.4 Lack of continuous/long-term funding
|[https://news.mongabay.com/2020/07/for-the-worlds-rarest-gorillas-a-troubled-sanctuary/ Unah 2020]
|Ongoing (2024)
|-
|4 Institutional support
|4.1 Lack of law enforcement
|[https://news.mongabay.com/2020/07/for-the-worlds-rarest-gorillas-a-troubled-sanctuary/ Unah 2020]
|Ongoing (2024)
|-
|4 Institutional support
|4.2 Lack of government support
|[https://nigeria.wcs.org/Wild-Places/Afi-Mountain-Wildlife-Sanctuary.aspx WCS]
|2000-Ongoing (2024)
|}
|}


[[Challenges]]  
[[Challenges]]  
= Enablers =
= Enablers =






'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Lomami National Park'''
'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
!Enablers
!Enablers
Line 168: Line 282:
|-
|-
|1 Site management
|1 Site management
|
|1.3 Adaptive management practices
|
|[https://nigeria.wcs.org/Wild-Places/Afi-Mountain-Wildlife-Sanctuary.aspx WCS]
|
|2011-Ongoing (2024)
|-
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|2 Resources and capacity
|
|2.6 External partnerships that add expertise or resources
|
|[[#R00003|Mengnjo & Imong 2017]]; [https://nigeria.wcs.org/Wild-Places/Afi-Mountain-Wildlife-Sanctuary.aspx WCS]
|
|1996-Ongoing (2024)
|-
|-
|3 Engaged community
|3 Engaged community
|
|3.6 Local community engagement and support
|
|[https://nigeria.wcs.org/Wild-Places/Afi-Mountain-Wildlife-Sanctuary.aspx WCS]
|
|Ongoing (2024)
|-
|4 Institutional support
|
|
|
|-
|5 Ecological context
|
|
|
|-
|6 Safety and stability
|
|
|
|}
|}


[[Enablers]]  
[[Enablers]]  
= Research activities =
= Research activities =


In 2012, a new species of monkey, Cercopithecus lomamiensis, was discovered on the left bank of the Lomami River (FZS). The park harbours a remarkable diversity of mammals, and is also very rich in plant species- one new species of plant has also been found here, Xenostegia lomamiensis (FZS).
Cross River State Forestry Commission and Wildlife Conservation Society have been conducting research with various collaborators at the site since 1996. Research collaborators include among others University of Calabar, North Carolina Zoo in the US and the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Germany.
 


= Documented behaviours =
= Documented behaviours =
Line 209: Line 306:




'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Lomami National Park'''
'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
!Category
!Category
Line 233: Line 330:


[[Behaviours]]  
[[Behaviours]]  
= Exposure to climate change impacts =
= Exposure to climate change impacts =


Line 240: Line 336:
The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).
The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).


'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Lomami National Park'''
'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima-table"
!Value
!Value
Line 250: Line 346:
|-
|-
|Mean temperature [C]
|Mean temperature [C]
|25.2
|26.4
|26.2
|26.6
|26.6
|27.7
|27.7
|27.5
|27.8
|28.9
|-
|-
|Annual precipitation [mm]
|Annual precipitation [mm]
|1856
|2070
|1870
|2193
|1866
|2214
|1832
|2187
|1957
|2172
|-
|-
|Max no. consecutive dry days (per year)
|Max no. consecutive dry days (per year)
|9.8
|40.9
|15
|41.8
|15
|44.5
|17.4
|43
|13.8
|48.4
|-
|-
|No. days with heavy precipitation (per year)
|No. days with heavy precipitation (per year)
|6.9
|4.8
|9.6
|4.9
|8.5
|5.5
|9.9
|5.3
|12
|6.6
|}
|}




'''Table 9. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Lomami National Park'''
'''Table 9. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima2-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima2-table"
!Type
!Type
Line 292: Line 388:
|-
|-
|Crop failure
|Crop failure
|15.5
|5
|0
|0.73
|13.5
|4.5
|0
|0.87
|16.5
|3
|0.01
|1.15
|28.5
|9.5
|0
|1.31
|-
|-
|Drought
|Drought
Line 312: Line 408:
|-
|-
|Heatwave
|Heatwave
|10
|7
|46.98
|100
|5
|7
|52.88
|100
|10.5
|4
|59.58
|100
|23
|6.5
|59.01
|100
|-
|-
|River flood
|River flood
|5
|2
|1.02
|5.48
|5.25
|2.5
|1.38
|6.43
|5
|2
|1.14
|4.39
|7.25
|3
|0.88
|5.65
|-
|-
|Tropical cyclone
|Tropical cyclone
Line 343: Line 439:
|Wildfire
|Wildfire
|30
|30
|0.47
|0.61
|30
|30
|0.45
|0.61
|29
|29
|0.58
|0.59
|29
|29
|0.43
|0.62
|}
|}


<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:PrecipAnomaly_Lomami_NP.png| 450px | thumb| none | Precipitation anomaly in Lomami National Park]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:TempAnomaly_Lomami_NP.png | 450px | thumb| none | Temperature anomaly in Lomami National Park]] </li></ul></div>


= External links =
= External links =
Line 361: Line 455:
= References =
= References =


<span id="R01104"></span>Batumike, R., Imani, G., Urom, C., & Cuni-Sanchez, A. (2021). Bushmeat hunting around Lomami National Park, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Oryx, 55(3), 421-431. doi:10.1017/S0030605319001017
<span id="R00001"></span>Bukie, J. O., Ityavyar, E. M., & Inah, E. I. (2021). Illegal logging: Big trees, abundance, distribution, Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary. Journal of Research in Forestry, Wildlife and Environment, 13(3).
 
<span id="R00002"></span>Imong, I., Wood, K. L., & Dunn, A. (2010). Monitoring gorillas in Nigeria. Berggorilla & Regenwald Direkthilfe. https://www.berggorilla.org/en/home/news-archive/article-view/monitoring-gorillas-in-nigeria/
 
<span id="R00003"></span>Mengnjo, C., & Imong, I. (2017). Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary annual report: January–December, 2017. Cross-River State Ministry of Climate Change and Forestry.


<span id="R01105"></span>Frankfurt Zoological Society (FZS). (n.d.). Lomami National Park. Online: https://fzs.org/en/projects/democratic-republic-of-the-congo/lomami-national-park/
<span id="R00004"></span>Unah, L. (2020, July 13). For the world’s rarest gorillas, a troubled sanctuary. Mongabay. https://news.mongabay.com/2020/07/for-the-worlds-rarest-gorillas-a-troubled-sanctuary/


<span id="R01106"></span>IUCN, & ICCN (2012). Bonobo (Pan paniscus): Conservation Strategy 2012–2022. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group & Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature. [http://www.primate-sg.org/storage/pdf/Bonobo_Conservation_Strategy.pdf link]




'''Page created by: '''Winnie Eckardt''' Date:''' 2024-11-28 08:36:00


'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2022-03-25
'''Page updated by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2025-04-11

Revision as of 06:30, 12 October 2026

West Africa > Nigeria > Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary

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Summary

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  • Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes ellioti) & Cross river gorillas (Gorilla gorilla diehli) are present in Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary.
  • The population sizes are unknown.
  • The great ape population trend is unknown.
  • Hunting and farm encroachment are major forms of human disturbance in addition to occasional bushfires.
  • WCS conducts several conservation activities at the site, including awareness activities and supporting patrols.


Site characteristics

Other sympatric primate species include the endangered white-throated guenon (Cercopithecus erythrogaster), the Nigeria mona monkey (Cercopithecus mona).

Table 1. Basic site information for Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary

Species Pan troglodytes ellioti, Gorilla gorilla diehli
Area 104 km²
Coordinates Lat: 6.311318928189273 , Lon: 8.990745590209793
Type of site Protected area (Wildlife Sanctuary)
Habitat types Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Subtropical/tropical moist montane forest, Rocky areas (inland cliffs, mountain peaks)
Type of governance Governance by government

Types of sites Governance types Habitat types

Ape status

Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary

Species Year Occurrence Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day) Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) Abundance estimate (95% CI) Survey area Sampling method Analytical framework Source Comments A.P.E.S. database ID
Gorilla gorilla diehli 2017 Present Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary Reconnaissance walk Mengnjo & Imong 2017 Only nest sites/km (0.049) and sightings/km (0.0012) reported
Pan troglodytes ellioti 2017 Present Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary Reconnaissance walk Mengnjo & Imong 2017 Only nest sites/km (0.006) and sightings/km (0) reported
Gorilla gorilla diehli 2009 25-35 Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary Reconnaissance walk Imong, Wood & Dunn 2010
Pan troglodytes ellioti 2009 Present Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary Reconnaissance walk Imong, Wood & Dunn 2010 Two small chimpanzee groups present.

Sampling methods Analytical frameworks

Threats

Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary

Category Specific threats Threat level Description Year of threat
10 Geological events 10.3 Avalanches/landslides Low (up to 30% of population affected) In July 2012, severe of at least 50 landslides damaged large patches of land at Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary (Berggorilla). 2012
2 Agriculture & aquaculture 2.1.2 Small-holder farming High (more than 70% of population affected) At least 1,000 illegal farms (cocoa and bananas) inside the sanctuary destroy available habitat for Cross River gorillas and other key species. Farming outside the sanctuary threatens the viability of the habitat corridor between Afi and Mbe Mountains (WCS website, Mengnjo & Imong, 2017). 2017-Ongoing (2024)
5 Biological resource use 5.1.2 Unintentional effects High (more than 70% of population affected) Illegal hunting is widespread within the wildlife sanctuary, particularly the setting of wire snares to catch smaller animals such as rock hyrax (WCS website, Mengnjo & Imong, 2017). 1996-Ongoing (2024)
5 Biological resource use 5.3 Logging & wood harvesting High (more than 70% of population affected) In addition to farming, logging outside the sanctuary threatens the viability of the habitat corridor between Afi and Mbe Mountains (Bukie et al., 2021, WCS website, Mengnjo & Imong, 2017). 2017-Ongoing (2024)

Threats

Conservation activities

Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary

Category Specific activity Description Implementing organization(s) Year of activity
2 Counter-wildlife crime 2.11 Implement monitoring surveillance strategies (e.g., SMART) or use monitoring data to improve effectiveness of patrols Gorilla monitoring using CyberTracker/SMART. Cross River State Forestry Commission, Wildlife Conservation Society 2011-Ongoing (2024)
2 Counter-wildlife crime 2.13 Provide sustainable alternative livelihoods; establish fish- or domestic meat farms WCS trains farmers from Afi in bee keeping and African giant snail rearing as an alternative income source of income. Cross River State Forestry Commission, Wildlife Conservation Society Ongoing (2024)
2 Counter-wildlife crime 2.7 Provide better equipment (e.g., guns) to anti-poaching ranger patrols WCS provides essential field equipment to ranger patrols. Cross River State Forestry Commission, Wildlife Conservation Society Ongoing (2024)
2 Counter-wildlife crime 2.8 Provide training to anti-poaching ranger patrols WCS provides training ranger in SMART-based patrolling. Cross River State Forestry Commission, Wildlife Conservation Society Ongoing (2024)
4 Education & awareness 4.1 Educate local communities about apes and sustainable use WCS provides conservation education and raises awareness within the communities surrounding Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary (27 school conservation clubs, field trips, exchange visits). Wildlife Conservation Society Ongoing (2024)
4 Education & awareness 4.2 Involve local community in ape research and conservation management WCS employs local communities around Afi as ‘gorilla guardians’ to help protect gorillas that exited the sanctuary. Cross River State Forestry Commission, Wildlife Conservation Society Ongoing (2024)
4 Education & awareness 4.5 Implement multimedia campaigns using theatre, film, print media, discussions WCS outreach program uses radio drama and film shows to spread conservation messages around Afi. Wildlife Conservation Society Ongoing (2024)
5 Protection & restoration 5.2 Legally protect ape habitat Created by Cross River State Government. Cross River State Forestry Commission 2000-Ongoing (2026)
5 Protection & restoration 5.6 Habitat restoration Restoration of the degraded Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary in Buanchor, Boki. Cross River State Forestry Commission, Life Empowerment Foundation 2021-2022
7 Economic & other incentives 7.1 Provide monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g., REDD, alternative income, employment) WCS employs local communities around Afi as ‘gorilla guardians’ to help protect gorillas that exited the sanctuary. Cross River State Forestry Commission, Wildlife Conservation Society Ongoing (2024)
8 Permanent presence 8.1 Run research project and ensure permanent human presence at site WCS has supported conservation and research at Afi since 1996. Cross River State Forestry Commission, Wildlife Conservation Society 1996-Ongoing (2024)
8 Permanent presence 8.2 Run tourist projects and ensure permanent human presence at site Cross River State Forestry Commission 2000-Ongoing (2024)

Conservation activities

Challenges

Table 5. Challenges reported for Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary

Challenges Specific challenges Source Year(s)
1 Site management 1.1 Need for improved leadership WCS 2000-Ongoing (2024)
2 Resources and capacity 2.4 Lack of continuous/long-term funding Unah 2020 Ongoing (2024)
4 Institutional support 4.1 Lack of law enforcement Unah 2020 Ongoing (2024)
4 Institutional support 4.2 Lack of government support WCS 2000-Ongoing (2024)

Challenges

Enablers

Table 6. Enablers reported for Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary

Enablers Specific enablers Source Year(s)
1 Site management 1.3 Adaptive management practices WCS 2011-Ongoing (2024)
2 Resources and capacity 2.6 External partnerships that add expertise or resources Mengnjo & Imong 2017; WCS 1996-Ongoing (2024)
3 Engaged community 3.6 Local community engagement and support WCS Ongoing (2024)

Enablers

Research activities

Cross River State Forestry Commission and Wildlife Conservation Society have been conducting research with various collaborators at the site since 1996. Research collaborators include among others University of Calabar, North Carolina Zoo in the US and the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Germany.

Documented behaviours

Table 7. Behaviours documented for Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary

Category Behavior Observation type Prevalence Observation dates Source Habituation Species Comment
Not reported

Behaviours

Exposure to climate change impacts

As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.

The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).

Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary

Value 1981-2010 2021-2050, RCP 2.6 2021-2050, RCP 6.0 2071-2099, RCP 2.6 2071-2099, RCP 6.0
Mean temperature [C] 26.6 27.7 27.5 27.8 28.9
Annual precipitation [mm] 2070 2193 2214 2187 2172
Max no. consecutive dry days (per year) 40.9 41.8 44.5 43 48.4
No. days with heavy precipitation (per year) 4.8 4.9 5.5 5.3 6.6


Table 9. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary

Type No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6) % of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6) No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0) % of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0) No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6) % of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6) No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0) % of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
Crop failure 5 0.73 4.5 0.87 3 1.15 9.5 1.31
Drought 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Heatwave 7 100 7 100 4 100 6.5 100
River flood 2 5.48 2.5 6.43 2 4.39 3 5.65
Tropical cyclone 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Wildfire 30 0.61 30 0.61 29 0.59 29 0.62


External links

References

Bukie, J. O., Ityavyar, E. M., & Inah, E. I. (2021). Illegal logging: Big trees, abundance, distribution, Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary. Journal of Research in Forestry, Wildlife and Environment, 13(3).

Imong, I., Wood, K. L., & Dunn, A. (2010). Monitoring gorillas in Nigeria. Berggorilla & Regenwald Direkthilfe. https://www.berggorilla.org/en/home/news-archive/article-view/monitoring-gorillas-in-nigeria/

Mengnjo, C., & Imong, I. (2017). Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary annual report: January–December, 2017. Cross-River State Ministry of Climate Change and Forestry.

Unah, L. (2020, July 13). For the world’s rarest gorillas, a troubled sanctuary. Mongabay. https://news.mongabay.com/2020/07/for-the-worlds-rarest-gorillas-a-troubled-sanctuary/


Page created by: Winnie Eckardt Date: 2024-11-28 08:36:00

Page updated by: APES Atlas Team Date: 2025-04-11

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