Bukit Tiga Puluh National Park

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Summary

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• Sumatran orangutans (Pongo abelii) are present in Bukit Tiga Puluh National Park.
• The orangutan population size is unknown.
• The orangutan population trend is unknown.
• The total site area is 1,432.23 km².
• The main threats to the orangutans are human wildlife conflicts, residental encroachment and illegal logging.
• The main conservation activities have focused on the rehabilitating natural habitats and educating the community and mitigating the human wildlife conflict.
• Bukit Tiga Puluh National Park has held the protected area status since 1995, and is found within the Bukit Tigapuluh Ecosystem.

Site characteristics

Bukit Tigapuluh National Park', located in the Riau and Jambi provinces of central Sumatra, Indonesia, represents one of the last remaining intact lowland tropical rainforests in the region. Originally established in 1995 and expanded to 144,223 hectares in 2002 (WWF‑Indonesia 2017, Sherman et al. 2022). Bukit Tigapuluh National Park is found within the Bukit Tigapuluh ecosystem, which is a mixed use conservation activity focus area and release site (Sherman et al. 2022). The park is a biodiversity hotspot featuring over 1,500 plant species and critical habitat for endangered wildlife including the Sumatran orangutans. It also supports traditional forest-dependent communities such as the Orang Rimba and Talang Mamak, whose livelihoods are integrated into the park’s unique zoning system, including a designated Traditional Zone. Despite its ecological and cultural significance, the park faces persistent threats from encroachment, poaching, and limited enforcement capacity, prompting ongoing conservation efforts led by WWF-Indonesia and local stakeholders (WWF‑Indonesia 2017).

Table 1. Basic site information for Bukit Tiga Puluh National Park

Species	Pongo abelii
Area	1,432.23 km²
Coordinates	Lat: -0.919417 , Lon: 102.469335
Type of site	Protected area (National Park)
Habitat types	Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Subtropical/tropical moist montane forest
Type of governance	Governance by government

Types of sites Governance types Habitat types

Ape status

Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Bukit Tiga Puluh National Park

Species	Year	Occurrence	Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)	Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)	Abundance estimate (95% CI)	Survey area	Sampling method	Analytical framework	Source	Comments	A.P.E.S. database ID
Pongo abelii

Sampling methods Analytical frameworks

Threats

Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Bukit Tiga Puluh National Park

Category	Specific threats	Threat level	Description	Year of threat
1 Residential & commercial development	1.1 Residential areas	Present (unknown severity)	Settlements, including many villages and a network of roads, were reported to be spread all around the park (WWF‑Indonesia 2017).	2017-Ongoing (2022)
5 Biological resource use	5.1.5 Persecution/human wildlife conflict	Present (unknown severity)	Human wildlife conflict reported, but details are unknown (Sherman et al. 2022, WWF‑Indonesia 2017).	2017-Ongoing (2022)
5 Biological resource use	5.3 Logging & wood harvesting	Present (unknown severity)	Illegal logging activities were reported. The details indicate that, due to the park's high accessibility of the park with roads and settlements surrounding it, the park's forests are vulnerable to encroachment and timber theft (WWF‑Indonesia 2017).	2017-Ongoing (2022)

Threats

Conservation activities

Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Bukit Tiga Puluh National Park

Category	Specific activity	Description	Implementing organization(s)	Year of activity
5 Protection & restoration	5.2 Legally protect ape habitat	Bukit Tiga Puluh National Park has held the protected area status since 1995 (Sherman et al. 2022).		1995-Ongoing (2026)
5 Protection & restoration	5.6 Habitat restoration	Habitat management activities were reported to be present, details are unknown (Sherman et al. 2022).		Ongoing (2022)
2 Counter-wildlife crime	Other	Mitigation of human wildlife conflict activities were reported, but details are unknown (Sherman et al. 2022).		Ongoing (2022)
4 Education & awareness	Other	Community outreach and capacity building activities were reported, but the details are unknown (Sherman et al. 2022).		Ongoing (2022)

Conservation activities

References

Sherman, J., Voigt, M., Ancrenaz, M., Wich, S. A., Qomariah, I. N., Lyman, E., Massingham, E., & Meijaard, E. (2022). Orangutan killing and trade in Indonesia: Wildlife crime, enforcement, and deterrence patterns. Biological Conservation, 276, 109744. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2022.109744
WWF‑Indonesia. (2017, November 20). *Thirty Hills, the last lowland forest ecosystem in Central Sumatra*. WWF Indonesia. Retrieved June 16, 2025, from https://www.wwf.id/en/blog/thirty-hills-last-lowland-forest-ecosystem-central-sumatra

Page created by: Aime Mizero Date: 2025-06-16