Okomu National Park: Difference between revisions
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|6 Human intrusions & disturbance | |6 Human intrusions & disturbance | ||
|6.2 | |6.2 War, civil unrest & military exercises | ||
|Medium (30-70% of population affected) | |Medium (30-70% of population affected) | ||
|Threat to rangers conducting patrols (Morakinyo pers. comm. 2026). | |Threat to rangers conducting patrols (Morakinyo pers. comm. 2026). | ||
Revision as of 09:33, 2 June 2026
West Africa > Nigeria > Okomu National Park
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Summary
- Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes ellioti) are likely absent in Okomu National Park.
- The population has likely been extirpated.
- The site has a total size of 224 km².
- Key threats to chimpanzees are poaching and habitat loss due to logging and agriculture.
- Conservation activities at the site include patrols, habitat protection and education in local communities.
Site characteristics
Located in southwestern Nigeria, the site was upgraded from wildlife sanctuary to national park in 1999 (Nwankwo & Halilu 2020).
Table 1. Basic site information for Okomu National Park
| Species | Pan troglodytes ellioti |
| Area | 224 km² |
| Coordinates | Lat: 6.252 , Lon: 5.268 |
| Type of site | Protected area (National Park) |
| Habitat types | Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Subtropical/tropical heavily degraded former forest |
| Type of governance | Shared governance |
Types of sites Governance types Habitat types
Ape status
Chimpanzees have no been seen at the site in the last few decades. Annual camera trap surveys conducted by ANI since 2023 have not captured chimpanzees (Morakinyo pers. comm. 2026).
Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Okomu National Park
| Species | Year | Occurrence | Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day) | Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) | Abundance estimate (95% CI) | Survey area | Sampling method | Analytical framework | Source | Comments | A.P.E.S. database ID |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pan troglodytes ellioti | 2023 | Absent | Okomu National Park | Camera trap | Morakinyo pers. comm. 2026 | ||||||
| Pan troglodytes ellioti | 2024 | Absent | Okomu National Park | Camera trap | Morakinyo pers. comm. 2026 | ||||||
| Pan troglodytes ellioti | 2025 | Absent | Okomu National Park | Camera trap | Morakinyo pers. comm. 2026 | ||||||
| Pan troglodytes ellioti | 2026 | Absent | Okomu National Park | Camera trap | Morakinyo pers. comm. 2026 |
Sampling methods Analytical frameworks
Threats
Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Okomu National Park
| Category | Specific threats | Threat level | Description | Year of threat |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 Agriculture & aquaculture | 2.1.1 Shifting agriculture | Medium (30-70% of population affected) | Morakinyo pers. comm. 2026 | Ongoing (2026) |
| 4 Transportation & service corridors | 4.1 Roads & railroads | Low (up to 30% of population affected) | Morakinyo pers. comm. 2026 | Ongoing (2026) |
| 5 Biological resource use | 5.1.1 Subsistence bushmeat hunting | High (more than 70% of population affected) | Morakinyo pers. comm. 2026 | 2022-Ongoing (2026) |
| 5 Biological resource use | 5.1.3 Commercial bushmeat trade | High (more than 70% of population affected) | Driven by commerce (Morakinyo pers. comm. 2026). | Ongoing (2026) |
| 5 Biological resource use | 5.3.1 Subsistence logging | High (more than 70% of population affected) | Driven by commerce, not large-scale operations (Morakinyo pers. comm. 2026). | Ongoing (2026) |
| 6 Human intrusions & disturbance | 6.2 War, civil unrest & military exercises | Medium (30-70% of population affected) | Threat to rangers conducting patrols (Morakinyo pers. comm. 2026). | Ongoing (2026) |
| 8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases | 8.1 Invasive non-native/alien species | Low (up to 30% of population affected) | Morakinyo pers. comm. 2026 | Ongoing (2026) |
Conservation activities
Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Okomu National Park
| Category | Specific activity | Description | Implementing organization(s) | Year of activity |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 Counter-wildlife crime | 2.3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols | Morakinyo pers. comm. 2026 | Africa Nature Investors (ANI), National Park Service | Ongoing (2026) |
| 2 Counter-wildlife crime | 2.6 Regularly de-activate/remove ground snares | Morakinyo pers. comm. 2026 | Africa Nature Investors (ANI), National Park Service | Ongoing (2026) |
| 2 Counter-wildlife crime | 2.7 Provide better equipment (e.g., guns) to anti-poaching ranger patrols | Morakinyo pers. comm. 2026 | Africa Nature Investors (ANI), National Park Service | 2022-Ongoing (2026) |
| 2 Counter-wildlife crime | 2.8 Provide training to anti-poaching ranger patrols | Morakinyo pers. comm. 2026 | Africa Nature Investors (ANI), National Park Service | Ongoing (2026) |
| 2 Counter-wildlife crime | 2.11 Implement monitoring surveillance strategies (e.g., SMART) or use monitoring data to improve effectiveness of wildlife law enforcement patrols | Morakinyo pers. comm. 2026 | Africa Nature Investors (ANI), National Park Service | Ongoing (2026) |
| 2 Counter-wildlife crime | 2.12 Implement community control of patrolling, banning hunting and removing snares | Morakinyo pers. comm. 2026 | Africa Nature Investors (ANI), National Park Service | Ongoing (2026) |
| 2 Counter-wildlife crime | 2.13 Provide sustainable alternative livelihoods; establish fish- or domestic meat farms | Morakinyo pers. comm. 2026 | Africa Nature Investors (ANI), National Park Service | Ongoing (2026) |
| 2 Counter-wildlife crime | 2.14 Employ hunters in the conservation sector to reduce their impact | Morakinyo pers. comm. 2026 | Africa Nature Investors (ANI), National Park Service | Ongoing (2026) |
| 4 Education & awareness | 4.1 Educate local communities about apes and sustainable use | Morakinyo pers. comm. 2026 | Africa Nature Investors (ANI), National Park Service | Ongoing (2026) |
| 4 Education & awareness | 4.2 Involve local community in ape research and conservation management | Morakinyo pers. comm. 2026 | Africa Nature Investors (ANI), National Park Service | Ongoing (2026) |
| 4 Education & awareness | 4.4 Regularly play TV & radio announcements to raise ape conservation awareness | Morakinyo pers. comm. 2026 | Africa Nature Investors (ANI), National Park Service | Ongoing (2026) |
| 4 Education & awareness | 4.5 Implement multimedia campaigns using theatre, film, print media, discussions | Morakinyo pers. comm. 2026 | Africa Nature Investors (ANI), National Park Service | Ongoing (2026) |
| 4 Education & awareness | 4.6 Integrate religion/local taboos into conservation education | Morakinyo pers. comm. 2026 | Africa Nature Investors (ANI), National Park Service | Ongoing (2026) |
| 5 Protection & restoration | 5.1 Create buffer zones around protected ape habitat | Morakinyo pers. comm. 2026 | Africa Nature Investors (ANI), National Park Service | Ongoing (2026) |
| 5 Protection & restoration | 5.2 Legally protect ape habitat | Morakinyo pers. comm. 2026 | Africa Nature Investors (ANI), National Park Service | 1999-Ongoing (2026) |
| 5 Protection & restoration | 5.5 Demarcate and enforce boundaries of protected areas | Morakinyo pers. comm. 2026 | Africa Nature Investors (ANI), National Park Service | Ongoing (2026) |
| 5 Protection & restoration | 5.6 Habitat restoration | Morakinyo pers. comm. 2026 | Africa Nature Investors (ANI), National Park Service | Ongoing (2026) |
| 5 Protection & restoration | 5.8 Restrict number of people that are allowed access to site | Morakinyo pers. comm. 2026 | Africa Nature Investors (ANI), National Park Service | Ongoing (2026) |
| 5 Protection & restoration | 5.9 Resettle illegal human communities (i.e., in a protected area) to another location | Morakinyo pers. comm. 2026 | Africa Nature Investors (ANI), National Park Service | Ongoing (2026) |
| 7 Economic & other incentives | 7.1 Provide monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g., REDD, alternative income, employment) | Morakinyo pers. comm. 2026 | Africa Nature Investors (ANI), National Park Service | Ongoing (2026) |
| 7 Economic & other incentives | 7.2 Provide non-monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g., better education, infrastructure development) | Morakinyo pers. comm. 2026 | Africa Nature Investors (ANI), National Park Service | Ongoing (2026) |
Challenges
Table 5. Challenges reported for Okomu National Park
| Challenges | Specific challenges | Source | Year(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Site management | 1.1 Need for improved leadership | Morakinyo pers. comm. 2026 | Ongoing (2026) |
| 1 Site management | 1.2 Need for improved coordination | Morakinyo pers. comm. 2026 | Ongoing (2026) |
| 1 Site management | 1.3 Corruption | Morakinyo pers. comm. 2026 | Ongoing (2026) |
| 1 Site management | 1.4 Conflict on land tenure | Morakinyo pers. comm. 2026 | Ongoing (2026) |
| 2 Resources and capacity | 2.1 Lack of capacity/training | Morakinyo pers. comm. 2026 | Ongoing (2026) |
| 2 Resources and capacity | 2.2 Lack of staff | Morakinyo pers. comm. 2026 | Ongoing (2026) |
| 2 Resources and capacity | 2.3 General lack of funding | Morakinyo pers. comm. 2026 | Ongoing (2026) |
| 2 Resources and capacity | 2.4 Lack of continuous/long-term funding | Morakinyo pers. comm. 2026 | Ongoing (2026) |
| 2 Resources and capacity | 2.5 Lack of equipment | Morakinyo pers. comm. 2026 | Ongoing (2026) |
| 2 Resources and capacity | 2.6 Lack of biomonitoring/survey data | Morakinyo pers. comm. 2026 | Ongoing (2026) |
| 2 Resources and capacity | 2.7 Lack of infrastructure | Morakinyo pers. comm. 2026 | Ongoing (2026) |
| 2 Resources and capacity | 2.8 Lack of evidence of conservation effectiveness | Morakinyo pers. comm. 2026 | Ongoing (2026) |
| 3 Engaged community | 3.1 General lack of community engagement or support | Morakinyo pers. comm. 2026 | Ongoing (2026) |
| 3 Engaged community | 3.2 Lack of youth engagement | Morakinyo pers. comm. 2026 | Ongoing (2026) |
| 3 Engaged community | 3.3 Lack of volunteers | Morakinyo pers. comm. 2026 | Ongoing (2026) |
| 3 Engaged community | 3.4 Eroding taboos in favor of conservation | Morakinyo pers. comm. 2026 | Ongoing (2026) |
| 3 Engaged community | 3.5 Anticipated disadvantages/costs created by conservation activities (e.g., restricted access/ resource use) | Morakinyo pers. comm. 2026 | Ongoing (2026) |
| 4 Institutional support | 4.1 Lack of law enforcement | Morakinyo pers. comm. 2026 | Ongoing (2026) |
| 4 Institutional support | 4.2 Lack of government support | Morakinyo pers. comm. 2026 | Ongoing (2026) |
| 4 Institutional support | 4.4 Lack of transboundary cooperation | Morakinyo pers. comm. 2026 | Ongoing (2026) |
| 5 Ecological context | 5.1 Ecological constraints (e.g., susceptibility to climate change, difficult terrain) | Morakinyo pers. comm. 2026 | Ongoing (2026) |
| 6 Safety and stability | 6.1 Political/economic instabilty | Morakinyo pers. comm. 2026 | Ongoing (2026) |
| 6 Safety and stability | 6.2 Insecurity | Morakinyo pers. comm. 2026 | Ongoing (2026) |
| Not reported |
Enablers
Table 6. Enablers reported for Okomu National Park
| Enablers | Specific enablers | Source | Year(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Site management | |||
| 2 Resources and capacity | |||
| 3 Engaged community | |||
| 4 Institutional support | |||
| 5 Ecological context | |||
| 6 Safety and stability |
Research activities
Documented behaviours
Table 7. Behaviours documented for Okomu National Park
| Category | Behavior | Observation type | Prevalence | Observation dates | Source | Habituation | Species | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Not reported |
Exposure to climate change impacts
As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. subm. extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.
The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (see Kiribou et al. subm. for details).
Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Okomu National Park
| Value | 1981-2010 | 2021-2050, RCP 2.6 | 2021-2050, RCP 6.0 | 2071-2099, RCP 2.6 | 2071-2099, RCP 6.0 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean temperature [C] | 27.2 | 28.3 | 28.1 | 28.5 | 29.5 |
| Annual precipitation [mm] | 2338 | 2398 | 2415 | 2382 | 2440 |
| Max no. consecutive dry days (per year) | 31.2 | 34.9 | 34.8 | 34.9 | 38.1 |
| No. days with heavy precipitation (per year) | 6 | 9.8 | 9.4 | 9.9 | 11.7 |
Table 9. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Okomu National Park
| Type | No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6) | % of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6) | No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0) | % of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0) | No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6) | % of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6) | No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0) | % of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crop failure | 4 | 2.07 | 1.5 | 1.57 | 2 | 2.07 | 7.5 | 2.07 |
| Drought | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.25 | 25 |
| Heatwave | 10 | 100 | 10.5 | 100 | 10.5 | 100 | 12.5 | 100 |
| River flood | 2 | 2.92 | 2.25 | 1.43 | 2.25 | 3.06 | 4 | 6.32 |
| Tropical cyclone | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.5 | 1.21 |
| Wildfire | 30 | 0.44 | 30 | 0.44 | 29 | 0.44 | 29 | 0.47 |
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Precipitation anomaly in Okomu National Park -
Temperature anomaly in Okomu National Park
External links
References
Nwankwo, E. A. (2016). Sustainable Wildlife Conservation at Okomu National Park. Ottoman Journal of Tourism and Management Research, 1(1), 101-118. https://doi.org/10.26465/ojtmr.2016132258
Page created by: APES Atlas Team Date: 2020-12-02
Page updated by: Tunde Morakinyo Date: 2026-04-06