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West Africa > Côte d'Ivoire > Taï National Park

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Summary

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Western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) are present in Taï National Park.
It has been estimated that 406 (CI: 265-623) individuals occur at the site.
The chimpanzee population trend is stable.
This site has a total size of 5,081.2 km².
Key threats to chimpanzees are poaching and diseases.
A range of conservation activities are implemented, including permanent presence of researchers and tourists, anti-poaching patrols, environmental education and measures to prevent disease transmission to chimpanzees.
Taï National Park is the largest remaining forest block in the Upper Guinea Region and is home to one of the longest-running chimpanzee research sites.

Site characteristics

Taï National Park (IUCN category: II) was created in 1972 and proclaimed a UNESCO world heritage site in 1982 (Criteria iii, iv, UNESCO 2019a). The park is located in south-western Côte d'Ivoire (5°15'-6°07'N, 7°25'-7°54'W), approximately 200 km south of Man and 100 km from the coast. With a size of 5,0812 km², it is the largest protected forest block in Côte d’Ivoire and one of the last tropical lowland forests in the Upper Guinea Region. The topography is mostly flat, but some Inselbergs occur. The majority of the forest in the park has never been logged and this mature, old-growth forest supports a rich diversity of species. It has been estimated that around 1,300 plant species occur in the park, 80-150 are endemic to the Upper Guinea region (BirdLife International 2019). Because of its diversity of bird species, notably white-breasted guinea fowl (Agelastes meleagrides) and large hornbill species, it is considered an Important Bird Area (BirdLife International 2019). Primate species recorded in the park include olive colobus (Procolobus verus), western red colobus (Piliocolobus badius), king colobus (Colobus polykomos), and Diana monkey (Cercopithecus diana). Other mammal species include the Pel's flying squirrel (Anomalurus peli), forest elephant (Loxodonta africana ), pygmy hippopotamus (Choeropsis liberiensis), Water chevrotain (Hyemoschus aquaticus), African buffalo (Syncerus caffer), and a range of duikers, including Maxwell's duiker (Philantomba maxwellii), black duiker (Cephalophus niger), zebra duiker (Cephalophus zebra), and Jentink's duiker (Cephalophus jentinki). Reptile species include (Crocodylus cataphractus) and African dwarf crocodile (Osteolaemus tetraspis), Home's hinge-back tortoise (Kinixys homeana).

Taï National Park is home to one of the longest-running chimpanzee research sites. Since 1979, the behavior and ecology of chimpanzees has been studied by the Taï Chimpanzee Project. Research has also been ongoing for several decades at the Taï Monkey Project. Taï National Park is managed by the Office Ivoirien des Parcs et Réserves (OIPR). There are two eco-tourism sites, one near the town of Taï (managed by WCF, www.ecotourismetai.com) and one near Djouroutou Ecotel Touraco (managed by a private manager, Mr. Louis DIAKITE).

Table 1. Basic site information for Taï National Park

Species	Pan troglodytes verus
Area	5,081.2 km²
Coordinates	Lat: 5.77 , Lon: -7.12
Type of site	Protected area (National Park)
Habitat types	Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Agricultural land
Type of governance

Types of sites Governance types Habitat types

Ape status

Since 2005 annual surveys on western chimpanzees have been implemented by OIPR and the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (WCF). Estimated chimpanzee abundance ranges between 300-800 individuals and the population seems to be stable (Campbell et al. 2008). Since 2016, the WCF has used camera traps to systematically monitor biodiversity in 200 km² in the Taï National Park (Cappelle et al. 2019).

Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Taï National Park

Species	Year	Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)	Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)	Abundance estimate (95% CI)	Survey area	Sampling method	Source	A.P.E.S. database ID
Pan troglodytes verus	2008	0.91	0.10 (0.06-0.16)	516 (314-847)	Taï National Park	Line transects	N'Goran et al. 2008	CIV0062
Pan troglodytes verus	2022			60.0	Taï National Park, Djouroutou sector (25 km²)	Informed guess	Soiret et al. 2015, Luncz et al. 2019, Proffitt et al. 2022
Pan troglodytes verus	2016	0.265	0.07 (0.05-0.11)	406 (265-623)	Taï National Park	Line transects	Tiédoué et al. 2016	CIV0062, CIV0065
Pan troglodytes verus	2015	0.57	0.099 (0.060-0.169)	540 (321-909)	Taï National Park	Line transects	Tiédoué et al. 2015	CIV0062
Pan troglodytes verus	2014	0.67	0.044 (0.022-0.091)	238 (116-487)	Taï National Park	Line transects	Tiédoué et al. 2014	CIV0062
Pan troglodytes verus	2013	0.49	0.055 (0.032-0.093)	294 (173-500)	Taï National Park	Line transects	Tiédoué et al. 2013	CIV0062
Pan troglodytes verus	2012	0.39	0.0493 (0.0252-0.0966)	264 (135-518)	Taï National Park	Line transects	Yapi et al. 2012	CIV0062
Pan troglodytes verus	2011	0.58	0.09 (0.05-0.16)	497 (287-868)	Taï National Park	Line transects	N'Goran et al. 2011	CIV0062
Pan troglodytes verus	2010	0.89	0.08 (0.05-0.14)	441 (264-735)	Taï National Park	Line transects	N'Goran et al. 2010	LBR0041
Pan troglodytes verus	2009	1.22	0.077 (0.040-0.147)	361 (230-568)	Taï National Park	Line transects	N'Goran et al. 2009a
Pan troglodytes verus	2007	0.54	0.09 (0.06-0.14)	479 (299-767)	Taï National Park	Line transects	N'Goran et al. 2007b	CIV0062
Pan troglodytes verus	2006	0.54	0.089 (0.052-0.155)	480 (280-830)	Taï National Park	Line transects	N'Goran et al. 2006

Sampling methods Analytical frameworks

Threats

Illegal poaching represents the major threat to the chimpanzee population in the park. Habitat destruction by agriculture, illegal logging and gold mining in some areas of the park also threatens the long-term existence of chimpanzees. Furthermore, long-term research by the Taï Chimpanzee Project and the Robert Koch Institute in Berlin confirmed that Ebola virus (Formenti et al., 1999), Anthrax (Leendertz et al. 2004) and respiratory diseases of human origin (Köndgen et al., 2008) killed a considerable number of chimpanzees.

While human population density was low in the 1970s when the park was created it has grown considerably afterwards, resulting in increasing pressure on the park, especially since the arrival of refugees from Liberia during the civil war (BirdLife International 2019). All forest around Taï has been cleared.

Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Taï National Park

Category	Specific threats	Threat level	Description	Year of threat
2 Agriculture & aquaculture	2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops	Low (up to 30% of population affected)	Cocoa and rice field in the eastern side of the park (Tiédoué et al. 2016).	Ongoing (2016)
3 Energy production & mining	3.2 Mining & quarrying	Medium (30-70% of population affected)	Artisanal gold mining (Tiédoué et al. 2016, UNESCO 2019b). The proliferation of gold panning activities in localities surrounding the park is endangering the chimpanzee community in the Djouroutou sector (Soiret pers. obs. 2022).	2016-Ongoing (2023)
4 Transportation & service corridors	4.1 Roads & railroads	Medium (30-70% of population affected)	Trails used by poachers (Tiédoué et al. 2016).	Ongoing (2016)
5 Biological resource use	5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals	High (more than 70% of population affected)	Poaching is widespread throughout the park (Tiédoué et al. 2016, UNESCO 2019b).	2016-Ongoing (2019)
8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases	8.4 Pathogens	High (more than 70% of population affected)	Several chimpanzees died due to an Ebola Virus Disease (Taï Forest Ebolavirus) outbreak in the park in 1994 (Formenti et al. 1999).	1994
8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases	8.4 Pathogens	High (more than 70% of population affected)	Anthrax is present at the site and has led to several chimpanzee deaths, first detected in 1996 (Leendertz et al. 2004, Hoffmann et al. 2017).	1996-Ongoing (2017)
8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases	8.4 Pathogens	High (more than 70% of population affected)	Chimpanzees died of respiratory diseases of human origin (Köndgen et al. 2008).	Ongoing (2008)

Threats

Conservation activities

In the 1970's the first research station was built in Taï National Park and since then several research projects have been conducted on different species. In particular, long-term studies by the Taï Chimpanzee Project (TCP) established in 1979 and the Taï Monkey Project (TMP) established in 1989 ensured and continue to ensure the presence of researchers at the research sites, which have been shown to have a positive influence on local chimpanzee densities (Campbell et al. 2011). Office Ivoirien des Parcs et Reserves (OIPR) does an annual bio-monitoring survey over the entire park and, in addition, the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (WCF) also does an annual bio-monitoring survey over the research area in collaboration with the TCP. OIPR and WCF also conduct regular patrols across the entire park to control for illegal human activities. A range of environmental awareness activities have been implemented, including an eco-museum in Taï, theater plays, movie presentations, newsletters, Club P.A.N., radio shows (WCF 2015, 2018). Two Eco-tourism projects have been developed in the Taï and Djouroutou area. Finally, the Taï Chimpanzee Project is implementing a set of measures to prevent the transmission of human diseases to the chimpanzees (Grützmacher et al. 2018).

Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Taï National Park

Category	Specific activity	Description	Implementing organization(s)	Year of activity
1 Development impact mitigation	1.15 Certify products from agriculture, mining or logging and market them as ape friendly	Support unions of female farmers in the commercialization and promotion of ‘zero deforestation’ agricultural products, including honey from bee-keeping, makore butter, and cacao (WCF 2018).		Ongoing (2018)
2 Counter-wildlife crime	2.11 Implement monitoring surveillance strategies (e.g., SMART) or use monitoring data to improve effectiveness of patrols	Anti-poaching patrols use SMART (WCF 2018).		Ongoing (2018)
2 Counter-wildlife crime	2.3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols	Anti-poaching patrols conducted by OIPR and WCF (WCF 2018).	OIPR, Wild Chimpanzee Foundation	Ongoing (2018)
3 Species health	3.1 Wear face-masks to avoid transmission of viral and bacterial diseases to primates	Mandatory to wear face-masks (Grützmacher et al. 2018).		2004-Ongoing (2018)
3 Species health	3.11 Implement continuous health monitoring/permanent vet on site	Veterinary at research site since 2000 (Grützmacher et al. 2018).		2000-Ongoing (2018)
3 Species health	3.12 Detect & report dead apes and clinically determine their cause of death to avoid disease transmission	Done by the veterinary (Grützmacher et al. 2018).		2000-Ongoing (2018)
3 Species health	3.2 Keep safety distance to habituated apes	Minimum viewing distance of 7 m (Grützmacher et al. 2018).		1999-Ongoing (2018)
3 Species health	3.4 Implement quarantine for people arriving at, and leaving the site	Quarantine in a separate quarantine camp (Grützmacher et al. 2018)		2008-Ongoing (2018)
3 Species health	3.6 Ensure that researchers/tourists are up-to-date with vaccinations and healthy	Visitors have to be vaccinated against measles, all researchers have to be up-to-date with vaccines (Grützmacher et al. 2018).		2008-Ongoing (2018)
3 Species health	3.7 Regularly disinfect clothes, boots etc.	‘Hygiene barrier’ implemented mandating changing clothes and disinfecting boots (Grützmacher et al. 2018).		2002-Ongoing (2018)
4 Education & awareness	4.1 Educate local communities about apes and sustainable use	Environmental awareness raising activities include eco-museum, community meetings, extra-curricular activities in schools Club P.A.N., radio shows, newsletters, theater plays with discussion rounds and movie presentations (WCF 2015, WCF 2018).	Wild Chimpanzee Foundation	2015-Ongoing (2018)
4 Education & awareness	4.2 Involve local community in ape research and conservation management	People hired and trained by research and conservation projects (Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019, Taï Monkey Project 2019, WCF 2018).		Ongoing (2019)
4 Education & awareness	4.4 Regularly play TV and radio announcements to raise ape conservation awareness	Several sets of radio programs played regularly (WCF 2018)		Ongoing (2018)
4 Education & awareness	4.5 Implement multimedia campaigns using theatre, film, print media, discussions	Theater tour, community discussions, radio, environmental days, eco-museum (WCF 2015, WCF 2018)	Wild Chimpanzee Foundation	2015-Ongoing (2018)
5 Protection & restoration	5.2 Legally protect ape habitat	Designated as National Park in 1972 (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2019)		1972-Ongoing (2026)
6 Species management	6.1 Habituate primates to human presence to reduce stress from tourists/researchers	Habituation process of chimpanzees in the Djouroutou area (Soiret pers. obs. 2023).		Ongoing (2023)
8 Permanent presence	8.1 Run research project and ensure permanent human presence at site	3 long-term research projects: Tai Chimpanzee Project (since 1979, Boesch & Boesch-Achermann 2000, Wittig 2018), Tai Monkey Project (since 1989, McGraw et al. 2007) and Tai Hippo Project (since 2013, IBREAM 2018).		1979-Ongoing (2023)
8 Permanent presence	8.2 Run tourist projects and ensure permanent human presence at site	2 ecotourism sites (Taï and Djouroutou, initiated in 2013, WCF 2015, WCF 2018). The Ecoguides in the Djouroutou sector, despite their insufficient numbers, follow the chimpanzees every day (Soiret pers. obs. 2023).	Wild Chimpanzee Foundation	2013-Ongoing (2023)
8 Permanent presence	8.3 Permanent presence of staff/manager	Boesch & Boesch-Achermann 2000, McGraw et al. 2007, Wittig 2018		1979-Ongoing (2023)

Conservation activities

Challenges

Table 5. Challenges reported for Taï National Park

Challenges	Specific challenges	Source	Year(s)
	Not reported

Challenges

Enablers

Table 6. Enablers reported for Taï National Park

Enablers	Specific enablers	Source	Year(s)
1 Site management
2 Resources and capacity
3 Engaged community
4 Institutional support
5 Ecological context
6 Safety and stability

Enablers

Research activities

Since 1979 chimpanzees have been studied in Taï National Park by the Taï Chimpanzee Project (Tai Chimpanzee Project 2019), while the Taï Monkey Project studies different monkey species since 1989 (Tai Monkey Project 2019). A wide range of topics have been studied including behavior, culture, feeding ecology, sociality, health, biomonitoring methods, and conservation interventions. Since 2013, research is also ongoing on the pygmy hippo (IBREAM 2018). In the Djouroutou sector, MPI's Technological Primates Research Group is conducting ethological and archaeological studies on chimpanzees. This study is the first of its kind since the discovery of this group of chimpanzees. Thanks to this research, new data on the behavior of the Djouroutou chimpanzees will be uncovered (Soiret pers. obs. 2022).

Documented behaviours

Table 7. Behaviours documented for Taï National Park

Category	Behavior	Observation type	Prevalence	Observation dates	Source	Habituation	Species	Comment
	Ant dipping				Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019
	Ant eating				Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019
	Ant eating without tools				Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019
	Branch clasping				Whiten et al. 1999
	Branch dragging				Whiten et al. 1999
	Branch slapping				Whiten et al. 1999
	Buttress beating				Whiten et al. 1999
	Fluid dipping				Whiten et al. 1999
	Honey eating				Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019
	Honey extraction with tools				Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019
	Honey extraction without tools				Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019
	Knuckle-knock				Whiten et al. 1999
	Leaf clipping				Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019
	Leaf cushion				Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019
	Leaf sponging for drinking water				Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019
	Marrow pick				Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019
	Nut cracking				Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019
	Stone throwing				Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019
	Termite eating				Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019
	Termite eating without tools				Luncz and Boesch 2015, Kühl et al. 2019, Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019
	Wood pounding				Whiten et al. 1999

Behaviours

Exposure to climate change impacts

As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project ([ISIMIP www.isimip.org]). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period.

For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2°C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3°C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period. The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).

Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Taï National Park

Value	1981-2010	2021-2050, RCP 2.6	2021-2050, RCP 6.0	2071-2099, RCP 2.6	2071-2099, RCP 6.0
Mean temperature [°C]	25.7	26.8	26.7	26.9	28
Annual precipitation [mm]	1828	1822	1894	1869	1947
Max no. consecutive dry days (per year)	24	23.3	22.7	24.9	24.2
No. days with heavy precipitation (per year)	6.4	7.8	7.5	9.5	10.3

Table 9. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Taï National Park

Type	No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)	% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)	No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)	% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)	No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)	% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)	No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)	% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
Crop failure	3	1.11	2.5	0.83	4	0.62	4	1.27
Drought	0.5	12.5	0	0	0	0	0.25	12.5
Heatwave	13.5	77.15	11.5	87.19	15.5	85.94	17.5	81.94
River flood	1.25	1.46	4	3.22	4.25	2.57	5.25	4.16
Tropical cyclone	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wildfire	30	0.51	30	0.5	29	0.54	29	0.54

Precipitation anomaly in Taï National Park
Temperature anomaly in Taï National Park

External links

References

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