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* Key threats to chimpanzees are snares and live traps targeting smaller animals.
* Key threats to chimpanzees are snares and live traps targeting smaller animals.
* Conservation activities have focused on ecotourism and the removal of snares in the forest.
* Conservation activities have focused on ecotourism and the removal of snares in the forest.




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= Ape status =
= Ape status =


At least four chimpanzee communities inhabit the site, with an estimated population of 230 individuals (Hashimoto, Cox & Furuichi 2007).
At least four chimpanzee communities inhabit the site, with an estimated population of 230 individuals ([[#R00816|Hashimoto, Cox & Furuichi 2007]]).


'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Kalinzu Central Forest Reserve'''
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Kalinzu Central Forest Reserve'''
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|-
|-
|''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii''
|''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii''
|Unknown
|2004
|
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|2.0-4.7
|1.67
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|Kalinzu Forest
|Kalinzu Forest
|Line transects
|Line transects
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|Hashimoto 1995
|[[#R00818|Plumptre & Cox 2006]]
|
|Survey effort: 311 km
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|-
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|''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii''
|''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii''
|2004
|Unknown
|
|
|
|
|1.67
|2.0-4.7
|
|
|Kalinzu Forest
|Kalinzu Forest
|Line transects
|Line transects
|
|
|Plumptre & Cox 2006
|[[#R00817|Hashimoto 1995]]
|Survey effort: 311 km
|
|
|UGA0012
|}
|}


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|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Snares targeting smaller animals severely injure chimpanzees (Hashimoto, Cox & Furuichi 2007).
|Snares targeting smaller animals severely injure chimpanzees ([[#R00816|Hashimoto, Cox & Furuichi 2007]]).
|Ongoing (2007)
|Ongoing (2007)
|}
|}
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|2 Counter-wildlife crime
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
|2.6 Regularly de-activate/remove ground snares
|2.6 Regularly de-activate/remove ground snares
|A snare removal program started in 2005 with the support of the Disney Wildlife Conservation Fund and the Japan Ministry of Environment Global Environment Research Fund (Hashimoto, Cox & Furuichi 2007).
|A snare removal program started in 2005 with the support of the Disney Wildlife Conservation Fund and the Japan Ministry of Environment Global Environment Research Fund ([[#R00816|Hashimoto, Cox & Furuichi 2007]]).
|
|
|2005-Ongoing (2007)
|2005-Ongoing (2007)
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|6 Species management
|6 Species management
|6.1 Habituate primates to human presence to reduce stress from tourists/researchers
|6.1 Habituate primates to human presence to reduce stress from tourists/researchers
|Two habituated chimpanzee groups are found in the reserve (Hashimoto, Cox & Furuichi 2007).
|Two habituated chimpanzee groups are found in the reserve ([[#R00816|Hashimoto, Cox & Furuichi 2007]]).
|
|
|Ongoing (2007)
|Ongoing (2007)
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= Challenges =
= Challenges =


Controlling illegal activities in the area remains the biggest problem for the conservation of chimpanzees in the reserve (Hashimoto, Cox & Furuichi 2007).
Controlling illegal activities in the area remains the biggest problem for the conservation of chimpanzees in the reserve ([[#R00816|Hashimoto, Cox & Furuichi 2007]]).


'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Kalinzu Central Forest Reserve'''
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Kalinzu Central Forest Reserve'''
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|4 Institutional support
|4 Institutional support
|4.1 Lack of law enforcement
|4.1 Lack of law enforcement
|Hashimoto, Cox & Furuichi 2007
|[[#R00816|Hashimoto, Cox & Furuichi 2007]]
|
|
|}
|}
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|Hashimoto, Furuichi & Tashiro 2000
|[[#R00815|Hashimoto, Furuichi & Tashiro 2000]]
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|Hashimoto, Furuichi & Tashiro 2000
|[[#R00815|Hashimoto, Furuichi & Tashiro 2000]]
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= Exposure to climate change impacts =
= Exposure to climate change impacts =


As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. subm. extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.
As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, [[#R02220|Kiribou et al. (2024)]] extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.


The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (see Kiribou et al. subm. for details).
The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated ([[#R02220|Kiribou et al. 2024]]).


'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Kalinzu Central Forest Reserve'''
'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Kalinzu Central Forest Reserve'''
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= References =
= References =


Hashimoto, C., Furuichi, T. & Tashiro, Y. (2000) Ant dipping and meat eating by wild chimpanzees in the Kalinzu forest, uganda. Primates 41, 103–108. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02557466
<span id="R00815"></span>Hashimoto, C., Furuichi, T., & Tashiro, Y. (2000). Ant dipping and meat eating by wild chimpanzees in the kalinzu forest, uganda. ''Primates'', 41(1), 103-108. [https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02557466 doi:10.1007/bf02557466]
 
<span id="R00816"></span>Hashimoto, C., Cox, D. & Furuichi, T. (2007). Snare Removal for Conservation of Chimpanzees in the Kalinzu Forest Reserve, Uganda. Pan Africa News, 14(1), 8-10. [https://doi.org/10.5134/143473 doi:10.5134/143473]


Hashimoto, C., Cox, D. & Furuichi, T. (2007). Snare Removal for Conservation of Chimpanzees in the Kalinzu Forest Reserve, Uganda. Pan Africa News, 14(1), 8-10.
<span id="R00817"></span>Hashimoto, C. (1995). Population census of the chimpanzees in the Kalinzu Forest, Uganda: Comparison between methods with nest counts. ''Primates'', 36(4), 477-488. [https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02382870 doi:10.1007/bf02382870]


Hashimoto, C. (1995) Population census of the chimpanzees in the Kalinzu Forest, Uganda: Comparison between methods with nest counts. Primates 36, 477–488. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02382870
<span id="R00818"></span>Plumptre, A. J., & Cox, D. (2006). Counting primates for conservation: primate surveys in Uganda. ''Primates'', 47(1), 65-73. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-005-0146-8 doi:10.1007/s10329-005-0146-8]


Plumptre, A. J. and Cox, D. 2006. Counting primates for conser-vation: primate surveys in Uganda. – Primates 47: 65–73.
<span id="R02220"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), e0000345. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]






'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2021-12-18
'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2021-12-18

Latest revision as of 17:53, 15 October 2026

East Africa > Uganda > Kalinzu Central Forest Reserve

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Summary

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  • Eastern chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) are present in Kalinzu Central Forest Reserve.
  • It has been estimated that 230 individuals from four communities occur in the site.
  • The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
  • The site has a total size of 147 km².
  • Key threats to chimpanzees are snares and live traps targeting smaller animals.
  • Conservation activities have focused on ecotourism and the removal of snares in the forest.


Site characteristics

The site is located in the Albertine Rift in western Uganda. Kalinzu Forest Reserve has over 414 tree species including shrubs, several primates, including chimpanzees, blue monkeys, vervet monkeys, baboons, black and white colobus monkeys, more than 380 bird species, as well as hundreds of moth and butterfly species (Uganda Parks n.d.). The reserve is adjacent to the Queen Elizabeth National Park and the Maramagambo Forest. It lies at an average altitude of 1,400 m above sea level (Uganda Parks n.d.).

Table 1. Basic site information for Kalinzu Central Forest Reserve

Species Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii
Area 147 km²
Coordinates Lat: -0.416007 , Lon: 30.060209
Type of site Protected area (Forest Reserve)
Habitat types Subtropical/tropical moist montane forest
Type of governance

Types of sites Governance types Habitat types

Ape status

At least four chimpanzee communities inhabit the site, with an estimated population of 230 individuals (Hashimoto, Cox & Furuichi 2007).

Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Kalinzu Central Forest Reserve

Species Year Occurrence Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day) Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) Abundance estimate (95% CI) Survey area Sampling method Analytical framework Source Comments A.P.E.S. database ID
Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii 2004 1.67 Kalinzu Forest Line transects Plumptre & Cox 2006 Survey effort: 311 km
Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii Unknown 2.0-4.7 Kalinzu Forest Line transects Hashimoto 1995 UGA0012

Sampling methods Analytical frameworks

Threats

Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Kalinzu Central Forest Reserve

Category Specific threats Threat level Description Year of threat
5 Biological resource use 5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals High (more than 70% of population affected) Snares targeting smaller animals severely injure chimpanzees (Hashimoto, Cox & Furuichi 2007). Ongoing (2007)

Threats

Conservation activities

Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Kalinzu Central Forest Reserve

Category Specific activity Description Implementing organization(s) Year of activity
2 Counter-wildlife crime 2.6 Regularly de-activate/remove ground snares A snare removal program started in 2005 with the support of the Disney Wildlife Conservation Fund and the Japan Ministry of Environment Global Environment Research Fund (Hashimoto, Cox & Furuichi 2007). 2005-Ongoing (2007)
5 Protection & restoration 5.2 Legally protect ape habitat Ongoing (2025)
6 Species management 6.1 Habituate primates to human presence to reduce stress from tourists/researchers Two habituated chimpanzee groups are found in the reserve (Hashimoto, Cox & Furuichi 2007). Ongoing (2007)
8 Permanent presence 8.2 Run tourist projects and ensure permanent human presence at site Chimpanzee trekking and other activities are offered at the site (Uganda Parks n.d.). Ongoing (2021)

Conservation activities

Challenges

Controlling illegal activities in the area remains the biggest problem for the conservation of chimpanzees in the reserve (Hashimoto, Cox & Furuichi 2007).

Table 5. Challenges reported for Kalinzu Central Forest Reserve

Challenges Specific challenges Source Year(s)
4 Institutional support 4.1 Lack of law enforcement Hashimoto, Cox & Furuichi 2007

Challenges

Enablers

Table 6. Enablers reported for Kalinzu Central Forest Reserve

Enablers Specific enablers Source Year(s)
1 Site management
2 Resources and capacity
3 Engaged community
4 Institutional support
5 Ecological context
6 Safety and stability

Enablers

Research activities

Documented behaviours

Table 7. Behaviours documented for Kalinzu Central Forest Reserve

Category Behavior Observation type Prevalence Observation dates Source Habituation Species Comment
Ant dipping Hashimoto, Furuichi & Tashiro 2000
Meat eating Hashimoto, Furuichi & Tashiro 2000

Behaviours

Exposure to climate change impacts

As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.

The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).

Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Kalinzu Central Forest Reserve

Value 1981-2010 2021-2050, RCP 2.6 2021-2050, RCP 6.0 2071-2099, RCP 2.6 2071-2099, RCP 6.0
Mean temperature [C] 21.2 22.3 22.1 22.5 23.6
Annual precipitation [mm] 1193 1203 1258 1171 1250
Max no. consecutive dry days (per year) 21.9 26.3 28.2 29.2 24.3
No. days with heavy precipitation (per year) 5.7 5.7 7.4 6.3 8.2


Table 9. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Kalinzu Central Forest Reserve

Type No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6) % of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6) No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0) % of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0) No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6) % of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6) No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0) % of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
Crop failure 1.5 0.05 0.5 1.05 2 1.59 3 0.8
Drought 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Heatwave 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
River flood 1 1.91 3.5 3.13 1.5 0.12 4 1.89
Tropical cyclone 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Wildfire 30 0.6 30 0.51 29 0.66 29 0.58


  • Precipitation anomaly in Kalinzu Central Forest Reserve
  • Temperature anomaly in Kalinzu Central Forest Reserve

External links

Uganda Parks

National Forestry Authority

References

Hashimoto, C., Furuichi, T., & Tashiro, Y. (2000). Ant dipping and meat eating by wild chimpanzees in the kalinzu forest, uganda. Primates, 41(1), 103-108. doi:10.1007/bf02557466

Hashimoto, C., Cox, D. & Furuichi, T. (2007). Snare Removal for Conservation of Chimpanzees in the Kalinzu Forest Reserve, Uganda. Pan Africa News, 14(1), 8-10. doi:10.5134/143473

Hashimoto, C. (1995). Population census of the chimpanzees in the Kalinzu Forest, Uganda: Comparison between methods with nest counts. Primates, 36(4), 477-488. doi:10.1007/bf02382870

Plumptre, A. J., & Cox, D. (2006). Counting primates for conservation: primate surveys in Uganda. Primates, 47(1), 65-73. doi:10.1007/s10329-005-0146-8

Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. PLOS Climate, 3(2), e0000345. doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345


Page created by: APES Atlas Team Date: 2021-12-18

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