Zanaga - Revision history

WikiEdit at 21:55, 15 October 2026

2026-10-15T21:55:16Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:55, 15 October 2026
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	<span id="R01965"></span>Stiles, D. (2014). The Zanaga iron ore mine – a test of best laid plans for preserving wildlife. Retrieved February 27, 2023 from Mongabay. https://news.mongabay.com/2014/10/the-zanaga-iron-ore-mine-a-testof-best-laid-plans-for-preserving-wildlife/		<span id="R01965"></span>Stiles, D. (2014). The Zanaga iron ore mine – a test of best laid plans for preserving wildlife. Retrieved February 27, 2023 from Mongabay. https://news.mongabay.com/2014/10/the-zanaga-iron-ore-mine-a-testof-best-laid-plans-for-preserving-wildlife/

	<span id="R02344"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), ~~1-19~~. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]		<span id="R02344"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), e0000345. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]

	<span id="R02015"></span>on.com/project/ Zanaga Iron Ore Project. https://www.zanagair		<span id="R02015"></span>on.com/project/ Zanaga Iron Ore Project. https://www.zanagair

WikiEdit at 14:36, 15 October 2026

2026-10-15T14:36:24Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:36, 15 October 2026
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	<span id="R01965"></span>Stiles, D. (2014). The Zanaga iron ore mine – a test of best laid plans for preserving wildlife. Retrieved February 27, 2023 from Mongabay. https://news.mongabay.com/2014/10/the-zanaga-iron-ore-mine-a-testof-best-laid-plans-for-preserving-wildlife/		<span id="R01965"></span>Stiles, D. (2014). The Zanaga iron ore mine – a test of best laid plans for preserving wildlife. Retrieved February 27, 2023 from Mongabay. https://news.mongabay.com/2014/10/the-zanaga-iron-ore-mine-a-testof-best-laid-plans-for-preserving-wildlife/

	<span id="R02344"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), ~~e0000345~~. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]		<span id="R02344"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), 1-19. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]

	<span id="R02015"></span>on.com/project/ Zanaga Iron Ore Project. https://www.zanagair		<span id="R02015"></span>on.com/project/ Zanaga Iron Ore Project. https://www.zanagair

WikiEdit at 20:31, 12 October 2026

2026-10-12T20:31:57Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:31, 12 October 2026
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	= Site characteristics =		= Site characteristics =

	The site is part of the Birougou-Batéké-Zanaga landscape, which has been identified as a priority landscape for western lowland gorilla and central chimpanzee conservation (IUCN 2014). The site overlaps with one of the largest iron ore deposits in Africa, located in a strip 47 kilometres long and three kilometres wide in the Republic of the Congo, bordering Gabon. A core section of the GuineoCongolian Forest is found over this vast mineral deposit, where endangered species like western lowland gorillas, chimpanzees, and forest elephants are found. Moreover, adjacent to the deposit lies the Ogooué River, one of Africa’s largest rivers by discharge (Stiles 2014).		The site is part of the Birougou-Batéké-Zanaga landscape, which has been identified as a priority landscape for western lowland gorilla and central chimpanzee conservation ([[#R01964\|IUCN 2014]]). The site overlaps with one of the largest iron ore deposits in Africa, located in a strip 47 kilometres long and three kilometres wide in the Republic of the Congo, bordering Gabon. A core section of the GuineoCongolian Forest is found over this vast mineral deposit, where endangered species like western lowland gorillas, chimpanzees, and forest elephants are found. Moreover, adjacent to the deposit lies the Ogooué River, one of Africa’s largest rivers by discharge ([[#R01965\|Stiles 2014]]).

	'''Table 1. Basic site information for Zanaga'''		'''Table 1. Basic site information for Zanaga'''
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	\|3.2 Mining & quarrying		\|3.2 Mining & quarrying
	\|High (more than 70% of population affected)		\|High (more than 70% of population affected)
	\|Presence of a large scale iron ore mine project ([~~https://www.zanagair~~ on.com/project/ Zanaga Iron Ore Project]) .		\|Presence of a large scale iron ore mine project ([[#R02015\|on.com/project/ Zanaga Iron Ore Project]]) .
	\|Ongoing (2023)		\|Ongoing (2023)
	\|-		\|-
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	\|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals		\|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
	\|High (more than 70% of population affected)		\|High (more than 70% of population affected)
	\|Commercial hunting is the biggest threat to wildlife in the area (IUCN 2014).		\|Commercial hunting is the biggest threat to wildlife in the area ([[#R01964\|IUCN 2014]]).
	\|Ongoing (2014)		\|Ongoing (2014)
	\|-		\|-
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	\|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting		\|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
	\|High (more than 70% of population affected)		\|High (more than 70% of population affected)
	\|Three Asian logging companies operating in overlapping parts of the mine concession. Loggers are principally interested in exploiting and exporting Okoumé (Aucoumea klaineana), a hardwood used for plywood (Stiles 2014).		\|Three Asian logging companies operating in overlapping parts of the mine concession. Loggers are principally interested in exploiting and exporting Okoumé (Aucoumea klaineana), a hardwood used for plywood ([[#R01965\|Stiles 2014]]).
	\|Ongoing (2014)		\|Ongoing (2014)
	\|}		\|}
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	= Exposure to climate change impacts =		= Exposure to climate change impacts =

	As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.		As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, [[#R02344\|Kiribou et al. (2024)]] extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.

	The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).		The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated ([[#R02344\|Kiribou et al. 2024]]).

	'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Zanaga'''		'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Zanaga'''
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	= References =		= References =

	IUCN (2014). Regional Action Plan for the Conservation of Western Lowland Gorillas and Central Chimpanzees 2015–2025. ~~Gland, Switzerland~~: ~~IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group~~. ~~56 pp~~.		<span id="R01964"></span>IUCN - International Union for Conservation of Nature (2014). Regional Action Plan for the Conservation of Western Lowland Gorillas and Central Chimpanzees 2015–2025. International Union for Conservation of Nature. [https://doi.org/10.2305/iucn.ch.2005.ssc-rap.1.en doi:10.2305/iucn.ch.2005.ssc-rap.1.en]

	Stiles, D. (2014). The Zanaga iron ore mine – a test of best laid plans for preserving wildlife. Retrieved February 27, 2023 from Mongabay. https://news.mongabay.com/2014/10/the-zanaga-iron-ore-mine-a-testof-best-laid-plans-for-preserving-wildlife/		<span id="R01965"></span>Stiles, D. (2014). The Zanaga iron ore mine – a test of best laid plans for preserving wildlife. Retrieved February 27, 2023 from Mongabay. https://news.mongabay.com/2014/10/the-zanaga-iron-ore-mine-a-testof-best-laid-plans-for-preserving-wildlife/

			<span id="R02344"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), e0000345. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]

			<span id="R02015"></span>on.com/project/ Zanaga Iron Ore Project. https://www.zanagair



	'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2023-02-24		'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2023-02-24

WikiEdit at 12:21, 3 September 2026

2026-09-03T12:21:45Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:21, 3 September 2026
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	= Exposure to climate change impacts =		= Exposure to climate change impacts =

	As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. ~~subm.~~ extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.		As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.

	The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (~~see~~ Kiribou et al. ~~subm. for details~~).		The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).

	'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Zanaga'''		'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Zanaga'''

WikiEdit at 14:50, 25 March 2026

2026-03-25T14:50:35Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:50, 25 March 2026
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	* Key threats to apes are illegal logging, hunting and mining activities.		* Key threats to apes are illegal logging, hunting and mining activities.
	* Conservation activities are not documented.		* Conservation activities are not documented.






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	!Description		!Description
	!Year of threat		!Year of threat
			\|-
			\|3 Energy production & mining
			\|3.2 Mining & quarrying
			\|High (more than 70% of population affected)
			\|Presence of a large scale iron ore mine project ([https://www.zanagair on.com/project/ Zanaga Iron Ore Project]) .
			\|Ongoing (2023)
	\|-		\|-
	\|5 Biological resource use		\|5 Biological resource use
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	\|Three Asian logging companies operating in overlapping parts of the mine concession. Loggers are principally interested in exploiting and exporting Okoumé (Aucoumea klaineana), a hardwood used for plywood (Stiles 2014).		\|Three Asian logging companies operating in overlapping parts of the mine concession. Loggers are principally interested in exploiting and exporting Okoumé (Aucoumea klaineana), a hardwood used for plywood (Stiles 2014).
	\|Ongoing (2014)		\|Ongoing (2014)
	\|-
	~~\|3 Energy production & mining~~
	~~\|3.2 Mining & quarrying~~
	~~\|High (more than 70% of population affected)~~
	~~\|Presence of a large scale iron ore mine project ([https://www.zanagair on.com/project/ Zanaga Iron Ore Project]) .~~
	~~\|Ongoing (2023)~~
	\|}		\|}

WikiEdit at 07:12, 6 November 2025

2025-11-06T07:12:24Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:12, 6 November 2025
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	<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:PrecipAnomaly_Zanaga or MPD.png\| 450px \| thumb\| none \| Precipitation anomaly ~~inZanaga~~]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:TempAnomaly_Zanaga or MPD.png \| 450px \| thumb\| none \| Temperature anomaly ~~inZanaga~~]] </li></ul></div>		<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:PrecipAnomaly_Zanaga or MPD.png\| 450px \| thumb\| none \| Precipitation anomaly in Zanaga]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:TempAnomaly_Zanaga or MPD.png \| 450px \| thumb\| none \| Temperature anomaly in Zanaga]] </li></ul></div>

	= External links =		= External links =

WikiEdit at 06:56, 6 November 2025

2025-11-06T06:56:23Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:56, 6 November 2025
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	* Key threats to apes are illegal logging, hunting and mining activities.		* Key threats to apes are illegal logging, hunting and mining activities.
	* Conservation activities are not documented.		* Conservation activities are not documented.



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	[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]]		[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]]

	= Ape status =		= Ape status =

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	[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]]		[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]]

	= Threats =		= Threats =

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	[[Threats]]		[[Threats]]

	= Conservation activities =		= Conservation activities =



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	[[Challenges]]		[[Challenges]]

	= Enablers =		= Enablers =

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	[[Enablers]]		[[Enablers]]

	= Research activities =		= Research activities =



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	[[Behaviours]]		[[Behaviours]]

	= Exposure to climate change impacts =		= Exposure to climate change impacts =

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	\|}		\|}


			<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:PrecipAnomaly_Zanaga or MPD.png\| 450px \| thumb\| none \| Precipitation anomaly inZanaga]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:TempAnomaly_Zanaga or MPD.png \| 450px \| thumb\| none \| Temperature anomaly inZanaga]] </li></ul></div>

	= External links =		= External links =

WikiEdit at 08:18, 31 October 2025

2025-10-31T08:18:38Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:18, 31 October 2025
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	\|9		\|9
	\|8.9		\|8.9
	\|8.~~8000000000000007~~		\|8.8
	\|9.~~1999999999999993~~		\|9.2
	\|}		\|}

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	\|0.62		\|0.62
	\|29		\|29
	\|0.~~57999999999999996~~		\|0.58
	\|}		\|}

WikiEdit: Created page with "Central Africa > Republic of the Congo > Zanaga '''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Zanaga?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Zanaga?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Zanaga?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Esp..."

2025-10-30T17:56:26Z

Created page with "Central Africa > Republic of the Congo > Zanaga '''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Zanaga?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Zanaga?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Zanaga?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Esp..."

New page

[[Central Africa]] > [[Republic of the Congo]] > [[Zanaga]]

'''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Zanaga?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Zanaga?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Zanaga?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Español]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Zanaga?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Bahasa Indonesia]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Zanaga?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Melayu]'''

__TOC__
= Summary =

<div style='float: right'>{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers=OpenStreetMap,OpenTopoMap|-2.468761, 13.627850~[[Zanaga]]~''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'', ''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''}}</div>
* Central chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'') and western lowland gorillas (''Gorilla gorilla gorilla'') are present in Zanaga.
* The population size is unknown.
* The population trend is unknown.
* The site has a total size of 25,570 km².
* Key threats to apes are illegal logging, hunting and mining activities.
* Conservation activities are not documented.

= Site characteristics =

The site is part of the Birougou-Batéké-Zanaga landscape, which has been identified as a priority landscape for western lowland gorilla and central chimpanzee conservation (IUCN 2014). The site overlaps with one of the largest iron ore deposits in Africa, located in a strip 47 kilometres long and three kilometres wide in the Republic of the Congo, bordering Gabon. A core section of the GuineoCongolian Forest is found over this vast mineral deposit, where endangered species like western lowland gorillas, chimpanzees, and forest elephants are found. Moreover, adjacent to the deposit lies the Ogooué River, one of Africa’s largest rivers by discharge (Stiles 2014).

'''Table 1. Basic site information for Zanaga'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
|Species
|''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'', ''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
|-
|Area
|25,570 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|Lat: -2.468761 , Lon: 13.627850
|-
|Type of site
|Logging concession
|-
|Habitat types
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest
|-
|Type of governance
|
|}

[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]]
= Ape status =

'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Zanaga'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
!Species
!Year
!Occurrence
!Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
!Survey area
!Sampling method
!Analytical framework
!Source
!Comments
!A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan troglodytes troglodytes''
|
|
|
|
|
|Zanaga
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
|
|
|
|
|
|Zanaga
|
|
|
|
|
|}

[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]]
= Threats =

[https://www.zanagairon.com/about-us/ Zanaga Iron Ore Company Limited] is an iron ore exploration and development company, incorporated in the British Virgin Islands. The Company listed on AIM in November 2010 and trades under the symbol “ZIOC”. The logging companies operating in the area have already done a great deal of damage to the ecosystem diversity and composition of the forests surrounding the mine (Sitles 2014).

'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Zanaga'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
!Category
!Specific threats
!Threat level
!Description
!Year of threat
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Commercial hunting is the biggest threat to wildlife in the area (IUCN 2014).
|Ongoing (2014)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Three Asian logging companies operating in overlapping parts of the mine concession. Loggers are principally interested in exploiting and exporting Okoumé (Aucoumea klaineana), a hardwood used for plywood (Stiles 2014).
|Ongoing (2014)
|-
|3 Energy production & mining
|3.2 Mining & quarrying
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Presence of a large scale iron ore mine project ([https://www.zanagair on.com/project/ Zanaga Iron Ore Project]) .
|Ongoing (2023)
|}

[[Threats]]
= Conservation activities =

= Challenges =

'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Zanaga'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
!Challenges
!Specific challenges
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|}

[[Challenges]]
= Enablers =

'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Zanaga'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
!Enablers
!Specific enablers
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|1 Site management
|
|
|
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|
|
|
|-
|3 Engaged community
|
|
|
|-
|4 Institutional support
|
|
|
|-
|5 Ecological context
|
|
|
|-
|6 Safety and stability
|
|
|
|}

[[Enablers]]
= Research activities =

= Documented behaviours =

'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Zanaga'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
!Category
!Behavior
!Observation type
!Prevalence
!Observation dates
!Source
!Habituation
!Species
!Comment
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

[[Behaviours]]
= Exposure to climate change impacts =

As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. subm. extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.

The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (see Kiribou et al. subm. for details).

'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Zanaga'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima-table"
!Value
!1981-2010
!2021-2050, RCP 2.6
!2021-2050, RCP 6.0
!2071-2099, RCP 2.6
!2071-2099, RCP 6.0
|-
|Mean temperature [C]
|23.7
|24.8
|24.7
|24.9
|26
|-
|Annual precipitation [mm]
|1973
|1979
|2010
|2038
|2001
|-
|Max no. consecutive dry days (per year)
|37.5
|28.8
|26.3
|33.9
|27.2
|-
|No. days with heavy precipitation (per year)
|6.1
|9
|8.9
|8.8000000000000007
|9.1999999999999993
|}

'''Table 9. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Zanaga'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima2-table"
!Type
!No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)
!% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)
!No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)
!% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)
!No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)
!% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)
!No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
!% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
|-
|Crop failure
|4.5
|0.01
|6.5
|0.01
|6
|0
|13
|0
|-
|Drought
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Heatwave
|1
|50
|0.5
|50
|1
|50
|4
|50
|-
|River flood
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0.5
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Tropical cyclone
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Wildfire
|30
|0.6
|30
|0.59
|29
|0.62
|29
|0.57999999999999996
|}

= External links =

= References =

IUCN (2014). Regional Action Plan for the Conservation of Western Lowland Gorillas and Central Chimpanzees 2015–2025. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group. 56 pp.

Stiles, D. (2014). The Zanaga iron ore mine – a test of best laid plans for preserving wildlife. Retrieved February 27, 2023 from Mongabay. https://news.mongabay.com/2014/10/the-zanaga-iron-ore-mine-a-testof-best-laid-plans-for-preserving-wildlife/

'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2023-02-24