Tiwai Island - Revision history

WikiEdit at 21:54, 15 October 2026

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	<span id="R01823"></span>Whitesides, G. H., Oates, J. F., Green, S. M., & Kluberdanz, R. P. (1988). Estimating Primate Densities from Transects in a West African Rain Forest: A Comparison of Techniques. ''The Journal of Animal Ecology'', 57(2), 345. [https://doi.org/10.2307/4910 doi:10.2307/4910]		<span id="R01823"></span>Whitesides, G. H., Oates, J. F., Green, S. M., & Kluberdanz, R. P. (1988). Estimating Primate Densities from Transects in a West African Rain Forest: A Comparison of Techniques. ''The Journal of Animal Ecology'', 57(2), 345. [https://doi.org/10.2307/4910 doi:10.2307/4910]

	<span id="R02326"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), ~~1-19~~. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]		<span id="R02326"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), e0000345. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]



	'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2019-09-02		'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2019-09-02

WikiEdit at 14:36, 15 October 2026

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← Older revision		Revision as of 10:36, 15 October 2026
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	<span id="R01823"></span>Whitesides, G. H., Oates, J. F., Green, S. M., & Kluberdanz, R. P. (1988). Estimating Primate Densities from Transects in a West African Rain Forest: A Comparison of Techniques. ''The Journal of Animal Ecology'', 57(2), 345. [https://doi.org/10.2307/4910 doi:10.2307/4910]		<span id="R01823"></span>Whitesides, G. H., Oates, J. F., Green, S. M., & Kluberdanz, R. P. (1988). Estimating Primate Densities from Transects in a West African Rain Forest: A Comparison of Techniques. ''The Journal of Animal Ecology'', 57(2), 345. [https://doi.org/10.2307/4910 doi:10.2307/4910]

	<span id="R02326"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), ~~e0000345~~. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]		<span id="R02326"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), 1-19. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]



	'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2019-09-02		'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2019-09-02

WikiEdit at 19:13, 14 October 2026

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	<span id="R01816"></span>Klop E, Lindsell JA & Siaka A. 2008. Biodiversity of Gola Forest, Sierra Leone. Unpublished Report. Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Sandy, UK, and Conservation Society of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone. [https://web.archive.org/web/20260825215338/https://golarainforest.org/ link]		<span id="R01816"></span>Klop E, Lindsell JA & Siaka A. 2008. Biodiversity of Gola Forest, Sierra Leone. Unpublished Report. Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Sandy, UK, and Conservation Society of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone. [https://web.archive.org/web/20260825215338/https://golarainforest.org/ link]

	<span id="R01817"></span>Lincoln R. Larson, April L. Conway, Sonia M. Hernandez and John P. Carroll (2016) Human-wildlife Conflict, Conservation Attitudes, and a Potential Role for Citizen Science in Sierra Leone, Africa. Conservation & Society, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 205-217.		<span id="R01817"></span>Lincoln R. Larson, April L. Conway, Sonia M. Hernandez and John P. Carroll (2016) Human-wildlife Conflict, Conservation Attitudes, and a Potential Role for Citizen Science in Sierra Leone, Africa. Conservation & Society, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 205-217. [https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-4923.191159 doi:10.4103/0972-4923.191159]

	<span id="R01818"></span>Lindsell, J. A., Klop, E., & Siaka, A. M. (2011). The impact of civil war on forest wildlife in West Africa: mammals in Gola Forest, Sierra Leone. ''Oryx'', 45(1), 69-77. [https://doi.org/10.1017/s0030605310000347 doi:10.1017/s0030605310000347]		<span id="R01818"></span>Lindsell, J. A., Klop, E., & Siaka, A. M. (2011). The impact of civil war on forest wildlife in West Africa: mammals in Gola Forest, Sierra Leone. ''Oryx'', 45(1), 69-77. [https://doi.org/10.1017/s0030605310000347 doi:10.1017/s0030605310000347]

WikiEdit at 20:31, 12 October 2026

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Show changes

WikiEdit at 12:20, 3 September 2026

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	= Exposure to climate change impacts =		= Exposure to climate change impacts =

	As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. ~~subm.~~ extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.		As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.

	The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (~~see~~ Kiribou et al. ~~subm. for details~~).		The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).

	'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Tiwai Island'''		'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Tiwai Island'''

WikiEdit at 14:51, 1 September 2026

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	\|-		\|-
	\|''Pan troglodytes verus''		\|''Pan troglodytes verus''
	\|~~1988~~		\|2006-2007
	\|Present		\|Present
	\|		\|
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	\|Line transects		\|Line transects
	\|		\|
	\|~~Whitesides~~ et al. ~~1988~~		\|Klop et al. 2008
	\|~~sighting of one group~~		\|Only presence confirmed
	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-
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	\|-		\|-
	\|''Pan troglodytes verus''		\|''Pan troglodytes verus''
	\|~~2006-2007~~		\|1988
	\|Present		\|Present
	\|		\|
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	\|Line transects		\|Line transects
	\|		\|
	\|~~Klop~~ et al. ~~2008~~		\|Whitesides et al. 1988
	\|~~Only presence confirmed~~		\|sighting of one group
	\|		\|
	\|}		\|}

WikiEdit at 14:49, 25 March 2026

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	* Key threats to chimpanzees are habitat disturbance and hunting.		* Key threats to chimpanzees are habitat disturbance and hunting.
	* Ecotourism and research activities are the main components of the conservation work carried out at the site.		* Ecotourism and research activities are the main components of the conservation work carried out at the site.






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	!Year of threat		!Year of threat
	\|-		\|-
	\|~~6 Human intrusions~~ & ~~disturbance~~		\|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
	\|6.~~2 War, civil unrest~~ & ~~military exercises~~		\|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
	\|Low (up to 30% of population affected)		\|Low (up to 30% of population affected)
	\|~~Conservation and research~~ activities ~~came to a halt during~~ the ~~10 years of civil war in Sierra Leone~~ (~~Lindsell~~ et al. ~~2011~~, ~~Oates 1999~~).		\|Farming activities largely stopped in the 1980s (Klop et al. 2008, Fimbel 1994), but limited forest-product harvesting is permitted under current management (Tiwai Island Wildlife Sanctuary 2019).
	\|~~1991-2001~~		\|Ongoing (2019)
	\|-		\|-
	\|5 Biological resource use		\|5 Biological resource use
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	\|Ongoing (2016)		\|Ongoing (2016)
	\|-		\|-
	\|~~2 Agriculture~~ & ~~aquaculture~~		\|6 Human intrusions & disturbance
	\|2~~.1 Annual~~ & ~~perennial non-timber crops~~		\|6.2 War, civil unrest & military exercises
	\|Low (up to 30% of population affected)		\|Low (up to 30% of population affected)
	\|~~Farming~~ activities ~~largely stopped~~ in ~~the 1980s~~ (~~Klop~~ et al. ~~2008~~, ~~Fimbel 1994), but limited forest-product harvesting is permitted under current management (Tiwai Island Wildlife Sanctuary 2019~~).		\|Conservation and research activities came to a halt during the 10 years of civil war in Sierra Leone (Lindsell et al. 2011, Oates 1999).
	\|~~Ongoing (2019)~~		\|1991-2001
	\|}		\|}

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	\|		\|
	\|1987-Ongoing (2019)		\|1987-Ongoing (2019)
			\|-
			\|8 Permanent presence
			\|8.1 Run research project and ensure permanent human presence at site
			\|Research center at the site administered by Njala university, Hunter College, and the university of Miami (Tiwai Island Wildlife Sanctuary 2019)
			\|
			\|Ongoing (2019)
	\|-		\|-
	\|8 Permanent presence		\|8 Permanent presence
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	\|		\|
	\|Ongoing (2008)		\|Ongoing (2008)
	\|-
	~~\|8 Permanent presence~~
	~~\|8.1 Run research project and ensure permanent human presence at site~~
	~~\|Research center at the site administered by Njala university, Hunter College, and the university of Miami (Tiwai Island Wildlife Sanctuary 2019)~~
	\|
	~~\|Ongoing (2019)~~
	\|}		\|}

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	<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:PrecipAnomaly_Tiwai_Island.png\| 450px \| thumb\| none \| Precipitation anomaly ~~inTiwai~~ Island]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:TempAnomaly_Tiwai_Island.png \| 450px \| thumb\| none \| Temperature anomaly ~~inTiwai~~ Island]] </li></ul></div>		<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:PrecipAnomaly_Tiwai_Island.png\| 450px \| thumb\| none \| Precipitation anomaly in Tiwai Island]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:TempAnomaly_Tiwai_Island.png \| 450px \| thumb\| none \| Temperature anomaly in Tiwai Island]] </li></ul></div>

	= External links =		= External links =

WikiEdit at 06:55, 6 November 2025

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← Older revision		Revision as of 02:55, 6 November 2025
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	* Key threats to chimpanzees are habitat disturbance and hunting.		* Key threats to chimpanzees are habitat disturbance and hunting.
	* Ecotourism and research activities are the main components of the conservation work carried out at the site.		* Ecotourism and research activities are the main components of the conservation work carried out at the site.



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	[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]]		[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]]

	= Ape status =		= Ape status =

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	[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]]		[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]]

	= Threats =		= Threats =

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	[[Threats]]		[[Threats]]

	= Conservation activities =		= Conservation activities =

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	[[Conservation activities]]		[[Conservation activities]]

	= Challenges =		= Challenges =

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	[[Challenges]]		[[Challenges]]

	= Enablers =		= Enablers =

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	[[Enablers]]		[[Enablers]]

	= Research activities =		= Research activities =

	Ecological research began in the early 1980s, focusing on the behavioral ecology of olive colobus monkeys (Klop et al. 2008).		Ecological research began in the early 1980s, focusing on the behavioral ecology of olive colobus monkeys (Klop et al. 2008).


	= Documented behaviours =		= Documented behaviours =
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	[[Behaviours]]		[[Behaviours]]

	= Exposure to climate change impacts =		= Exposure to climate change impacts =

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	\|}		\|}


			<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:PrecipAnomaly_Tiwai_Island.png\| 450px \| thumb\| none \| Precipitation anomaly inTiwai Island]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:TempAnomaly_Tiwai_Island.png \| 450px \| thumb\| none \| Temperature anomaly inTiwai Island]] </li></ul></div>

	= External links =		= External links =