Tayna Nature Reserve - Revision history

WikiEdit at 23:42, 15 October 2026

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	= References =		= References =

	<span id="R01805"></span>Fawcett, K., & Kabuyaya ~~Mbeke~~, J. (2021). Survey of Great Apes (Gorilla beringei graueri, Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) in Tayna Nature Reserve, Eastern DR Congo. GRACE Report.		<span id="R01805"></span>Fawcett, K., & Kabuyaya, M. J. (2021). Survey of Great Apes (Gorilla beringei graueri, Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) in Tayna Nature Reserve, Eastern DR Congo. GRACE Report.

	<span id="R01806"></span>Plumptre, A.J., Ayebare, S. & Kujirakwinja, D. (2015a). Priority Areas for Conservation in the Maiko, Tayna, Kahuzi Biega Landscape. Unpublished Report for USAID and USFWS.		<span id="R01806"></span>Plumptre, A.J., Ayebare, S. & Kujirakwinja, D. (2015a). Priority Areas for Conservation in the Maiko, Tayna, Kahuzi Biega Landscape. Unpublished Report for USAID and USFWS.

WikiEdit at 21:54, 15 October 2026

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	<span id="R02323"></span>Maldonado, O., Aveling, C., Cox, D., Nixon, S., Nishuli, R., Merlo, D., Pintea, L. & Williamson, E.A. (2012). Grauer’s Gorillas and Chimpanzees in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (Kahuzi-Biega, Maiko, Tayna and Itombwe Landscape): Conservation Action Plan 2012–2022. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group, Ministry of Environment, Nature Conservation & Tourism, Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature & the Jane Goodall Institute. 66pp https://www.iucngreatapes.org/grauers-gorillas-and-chimpanzees [http://www.primate-sg.org/storage/pdf/Eastern_DRC_CAP.pdf link]		<span id="R02323"></span>Maldonado, O., Aveling, C., Cox, D., Nixon, S., Nishuli, R., Merlo, D., Pintea, L. & Williamson, E.A. (2012). Grauer’s Gorillas and Chimpanzees in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (Kahuzi-Biega, Maiko, Tayna and Itombwe Landscape): Conservation Action Plan 2012–2022. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group, Ministry of Environment, Nature Conservation & Tourism, Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature & the Jane Goodall Institute. 66pp https://www.iucngreatapes.org/grauers-gorillas-and-chimpanzees [http://www.primate-sg.org/storage/pdf/Eastern_DRC_CAP.pdf link]

	<span id="R02324"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), ~~1-19~~. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]		<span id="R02324"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), e0000345. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]

	<span id="R02352"></span>GRACE 2021a. https://gracegorillas.org/2021/07/02/great-ape-survey-tayna-nature-reserve/		<span id="R02352"></span>GRACE 2021a. https://gracegorillas.org/2021/07/02/great-ape-survey-tayna-nature-reserve/

WikiEdit at 14:36, 15 October 2026

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	<span id="R02323"></span>Maldonado, O., Aveling, C., Cox, D., Nixon, S., Nishuli, R., Merlo, D., Pintea, L. & Williamson, E.A. (2012). Grauer’s Gorillas and Chimpanzees in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (Kahuzi-Biega, Maiko, Tayna and Itombwe Landscape): Conservation Action Plan 2012–2022. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group, Ministry of Environment, Nature Conservation & Tourism, Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature & the Jane Goodall Institute. 66pp https://www.iucngreatapes.org/grauers-gorillas-and-chimpanzees [http://www.primate-sg.org/storage/pdf/Eastern_DRC_CAP.pdf link]		<span id="R02323"></span>Maldonado, O., Aveling, C., Cox, D., Nixon, S., Nishuli, R., Merlo, D., Pintea, L. & Williamson, E.A. (2012). Grauer’s Gorillas and Chimpanzees in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (Kahuzi-Biega, Maiko, Tayna and Itombwe Landscape): Conservation Action Plan 2012–2022. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group, Ministry of Environment, Nature Conservation & Tourism, Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature & the Jane Goodall Institute. 66pp https://www.iucngreatapes.org/grauers-gorillas-and-chimpanzees [http://www.primate-sg.org/storage/pdf/Eastern_DRC_CAP.pdf link]

	<span id="R02324"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), ~~e0000345~~. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]		<span id="R02324"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), 1-19. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]

	<span id="R02352"></span>GRACE 2021a. https://gracegorillas.org/2021/07/02/great-ape-survey-tayna-nature-reserve/		<span id="R02352"></span>GRACE 2021a. https://gracegorillas.org/2021/07/02/great-ape-survey-tayna-nature-reserve/

WikiEdit at 19:13, 14 October 2026

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	\|[[#R01807\|Plumptre et al. 2015b]]		\|[[#R01807\|Plumptre et al. 2015b]]
	\|		\|
	\|COD0080, COD0081, COD0082, COD0084, COD0086, COD0088, COD0122, COD0144, COD0158, COD0159, COD0162, COD0226		\|COD0080, COD0081<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="+10 more" data-collapsetext="less">COD0082, COD0084, COD0086, COD0088, COD0122, COD0144, COD0158, COD0159, COD0162, COD0226</div>
	\|-		\|-
	\|''Gorilla beringei graueri''		\|''Gorilla beringei graueri''
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	\|[[#R01808\|Plumptre et al. 2016]]		\|[[#R01808\|Plumptre et al. 2016]]
	\|		\|
	\|COD0080, COD0081, COD0082, COD0084, COD0086, COD0088, COD0122, COD0144, COD0158, COD0159, COD0162, COD0226		\|COD0080, COD0081<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="+10 more" data-collapsetext="less">COD0082, COD0084, COD0086, COD0088, COD0122, COD0144, COD0158, COD0159, COD0162, COD0226</div>
	\|-		\|-
	\|''Gorilla beringei graueri''		\|''Gorilla beringei graueri''
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	<span id="R01809"></span>Plumptre, A. J., Ayebare, S., Kujirakwinja, D., & Segan, D. (2020). Conservation planning for Africa's Albertine Rift: conserving a biodiverse region in the face of multiple threats. ''Oryx'', 55(2), 302-310. [https://doi.org/10.1017/s0030605319000218 doi:10.1017/s0030605319000218]		<span id="R01809"></span>Plumptre, A. J., Ayebare, S., Kujirakwinja, D., & Segan, D. (2020). Conservation planning for Africa's Albertine Rift: conserving a biodiverse region in the face of multiple threats. ''Oryx'', 55(2), 302-310. [https://doi.org/10.1017/s0030605319000218 doi:10.1017/s0030605319000218]

	<span id="R01810"></span>Vwirasihikya, K.P. & Matsitsi, S.D. (2003). Census in the Tayna Gorilla Reserve. Gorilla Journal 26. https://www.berggorilla.org/en/journal/issues/journal-no-26/article-view/census-in-the-tayna-gorilla-reserve/		<span id="R01810"></span>Vwirasihikya, K.P. & Matsitsi, S.D. (2003). Census in the Tayna Gorilla Reserve. Gorilla Journal 26. https://www.berggorilla.org/en/journal/issues/journal-no-26/article-view/census-in-the-tayna-gorilla-reserve/ [https://www.berggorilla.org/en/journal/issues/journal-26-12003/article-view/census-in-the-tayna-gorilla-reserve/ link]

	<span id="R02323"></span>Maldonado, O., Aveling, C., Cox, D., Nixon, S., Nishuli, R., Merlo, D., Pintea, L. & Williamson, E.A. (2012). Grauer’s Gorillas and Chimpanzees in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (Kahuzi-Biega, Maiko, Tayna and Itombwe Landscape): Conservation Action Plan 2012–2022. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group, Ministry of Environment, Nature Conservation & Tourism, Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature & the Jane Goodall Institute. 66pp https://www.iucngreatapes.org/grauers-gorillas-and-chimpanzees [http://www.primate-sg.org/storage/pdf/Eastern_DRC_CAP.pdf link]		<span id="R02323"></span>Maldonado, O., Aveling, C., Cox, D., Nixon, S., Nishuli, R., Merlo, D., Pintea, L. & Williamson, E.A. (2012). Grauer’s Gorillas and Chimpanzees in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (Kahuzi-Biega, Maiko, Tayna and Itombwe Landscape): Conservation Action Plan 2012–2022. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group, Ministry of Environment, Nature Conservation & Tourism, Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature & the Jane Goodall Institute. 66pp https://www.iucngreatapes.org/grauers-gorillas-and-chimpanzees [http://www.primate-sg.org/storage/pdf/Eastern_DRC_CAP.pdf link]
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	<span id="R02352"></span>GRACE 2021a. https://gracegorillas.org/2021/07/02/great-ape-survey-tayna-nature-reserve/		<span id="R02352"></span>GRACE 2021a. https://gracegorillas.org/2021/07/02/great-ape-survey-tayna-nature-reserve/

	<span id="R02065"></span>GRACE. https://gracegorillas.org/grace-about-the-organization/#our-programs		<span id="R02065"></span>GRACE. https://gracegorillas.org/grace-about-the-organization/#our-programs [https://web.archive.org/web/20250613082637/http://gracegorillas.org/grace-about-the-organization/ link]

	<span id="R02355"></span>GRACE 2021b. https://gracegorillas.org/2021/02/26/gorilla-conservation-on-the-radio/		<span id="R02355"></span>GRACE 2021b. https://gracegorillas.org/2021/02/26/gorilla-conservation-on-the-radio/

WikiEdit at 20:31, 12 October 2026

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WikiEdit at 12:20, 3 September 2026

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	= Exposure to climate change impacts =		= Exposure to climate change impacts =

	As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. ~~subm.~~ extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.		As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.

	The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (~~see~~ Kiribou et al. ~~subm. for details~~).		The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).

	'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Tayna Nature Reserve'''		'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Tayna Nature Reserve'''

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	!Source		!Source
	!Year(s)		!Year(s)
	\|-
	~~\|6 Safety and stability~~
	~~\|6.3 Civil unrest/war~~
	~~\|Plumptre et al. 2015~~
	\|
	\|-		\|-
	\|2 Resources and capacity		\|2 Resources and capacity
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	\|3.5 Anticipated disadvantages/costs created by conservation activities (e.g., restricted access/resource use)		\|3.5 Anticipated disadvantages/costs created by conservation activities (e.g., restricted access/resource use)
	\|Fawcett, K. pers. comm. 2022		\|Fawcett, K. pers. comm. 2022
			\|
			\|-
			\|6 Safety and stability
			\|6.3 Civil unrest/war
			\|Plumptre et al. 2015
	\|		\|
	\|}		\|}

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	* Key threats to great apes include subsistence hunting, expansion of land for agriculture, wood harvesting, and artisanal mining.		* Key threats to great apes include subsistence hunting, expansion of land for agriculture, wood harvesting, and artisanal mining.
	* Conservation activities have focused on community engagement, gorilla rehabilitation and reintroduction, and conservation education.		* Conservation activities have focused on community engagement, gorilla rehabilitation and reintroduction, and conservation education.






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	!Year of threat		!Year of threat
	\|-		\|-
	\|~~5 Biological resource use~~		\|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
	\|5.1 ~~Hunting~~ & ~~collecting terrestrial animals~~		\|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
	\|High (more than 70% of population affected)		\|High (more than 70% of population affected)
	\|~~Bushmeat hunting for subsistence~~ (~~Fawcett, K~~.~~, pers. comm. 2022). Furthermore, several gorillas were killed (and an infant captured) in the Tayna Nature Reserve between 2004 and 2007, as reported by Nixon, S. (Plumptre et al. 2015b~~).		\|Subsistence agriculture ([https://gracegorillas.org/2021/07/02/great-ape-survey-tayna-nature-reserve/ GRACE 2021]).
	\|~~2004-~~Ongoing (~~2022~~)		\|Ongoing (2021)
	\|-		\|-
	\|3 Energy production & mining		\|3 Energy production & mining
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	\|2015-Ongoing (2022)		\|2015-Ongoing (2022)
	\|-		\|-
	\|~~8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases~~		\|5 Biological resource use
	~~\|8.4 Pathogens~~		\|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
	~~\|Present (unknown severity)~~
	~~\|Ebola outbreak that lasted 18 months, not directly inside the reserve, but in eastern DRC ([https://gracegorillas.org/2021/07/02/great-ape-survey-tayna-nature-reserve/ GRACE 2021]).~~
	~~\|2017-2019~~
	\|-
	~~\|2 Agriculture & aquaculture~~
	\|2.1 ~~Annual~~ & ~~perennial non-timber crops~~
	\|High (more than 70% of population affected)		\|High (more than 70% of population affected)
	\|~~Subsistence agriculture~~ (~~[https://gracegorillas~~.~~org/2021/07/02/great-ape-survey-tayna-nature-reserve/ GRACE 2021]~~).		\|Bushmeat hunting for subsistence (Fawcett, K., pers. comm. 2022). Furthermore, several gorillas were killed (and an infant captured) in the Tayna Nature Reserve between 2004 and 2007, as reported by Nixon, S. (Plumptre et al. 2015b).
	\|Ongoing (~~2021~~)		\|2004-Ongoing (2022)
	\|-		\|-
	\|5 Biological resource use		\|5 Biological resource use
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	\|Logging for local subsistence, e.g., gathering fuelwood, timber harvesting for construction (Fawcett, K., pers. comm. 2022, GRACE 2021).		\|Logging for local subsistence, e.g., gathering fuelwood, timber harvesting for construction (Fawcett, K., pers. comm. 2022, GRACE 2021).
	\|Ongoing (2022)		\|Ongoing (2022)
			\|-
			\|8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases
			\|8.4 Pathogens
			\|Present (unknown severity)
			\|Ebola outbreak that lasted 18 months, not directly inside the reserve, but in eastern DRC ([https://gracegorillas.org/2021/07/02/great-ape-survey-tayna-nature-reserve/ GRACE 2021]).
			\|2017-2019
	\|}		\|}