Sapo National Park - Revision history

WikiEdit at 21:54, 15 October 2026

2026-10-15T21:54:46Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:54, 15 October 2026
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	<span id="R01662"></span>Wild Chimpanzee Foundation. (2019). Activities of the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation for improved conservation of chimpanzees and their habitat in West Africa: Annual report 2018.		<span id="R01662"></span>Wild Chimpanzee Foundation. (2019). Activities of the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation for improved conservation of chimpanzees and their habitat in West Africa: Annual report 2018.

	<span id="R02313"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), ~~1-19~~. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]		<span id="R02313"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), e0000345. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]

WikiEdit at 14:35, 15 October 2026

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← Older revision		Revision as of 10:35, 15 October 2026
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	<span id="R01662"></span>Wild Chimpanzee Foundation. (2019). Activities of the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation for improved conservation of chimpanzees and their habitat in West Africa: Annual report 2018.		<span id="R01662"></span>Wild Chimpanzee Foundation. (2019). Activities of the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation for improved conservation of chimpanzees and their habitat in West Africa: Annual report 2018.

	<span id="R02313"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), ~~e0000345~~. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]		<span id="R02313"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), 1-19. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]

WikiEdit at 20:30, 12 October 2026

2026-10-12T20:30:47Z

Show changes

WikiEdit at 12:19, 3 September 2026

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	= Exposure to climate change impacts =		= Exposure to climate change impacts =

	As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. ~~subm.~~ extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.		As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.

	The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (~~see~~ Kiribou et al. ~~subm. for details~~).		The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).

	'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Sapo National Park'''		'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Sapo National Park'''

WikiEdit at 14:50, 1 September 2026

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← Older revision		Revision as of 10:50, 1 September 2026
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	!Comments		!Comments
	!A.P.E.S. database ID		!A.P.E.S. database ID
	\|-
	~~\|''Pan troglodytes verus''~~
	~~\|1983~~
	~~\|Present~~
	\|
	~~\|0.24~~
	\|
	~~\|Southeastern sector of the park (50 km²)~~
	~~\|Line transects~~
	\|
	~~\|Anderson et al. 1983~~
	~~\|Total survey effort: 42.7 km~~
	\|
	\|-		\|-
	\|''Pan troglodytes verus''		\|''Pan troglodytes verus''
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	\|N'Goran et al. 2010		\|N'Goran et al. 2010
	\|		\|
			\|
			\|-
			\|''Pan troglodytes verus''
			\|2007-2009
			\|
			\|0.27
			\|
			\|
			\|Sapo National Park, excluding south east area
			\|Line transects
			\|
			\|Vogt 2011
			\|Fauna & Flora International bio-monitoring programme
	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-
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	\|-		\|-
	\|''Pan troglodytes verus''		\|''Pan troglodytes verus''
	\|~~2007-2009~~		\|1983
			\|Present
	\|		\|
	\|0.27		\|0.24
	\|		\|
	\|		\|Southeastern sector of the park (50 km²)
	~~\|Sapo National Park, excluding south east area~~
	\|Line transects		\|Line transects
	\|		\|
	\|~~Vogt 2011~~		\|Anderson et al. 1983
	\|~~Fauna & Flora International bio-monitoring programme~~		\|Total survey effort: 42.7 km
	\|		\|
	\|}		\|}
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	= References =		= References =

	~~Tweh, C., Kouakou, C.Y., Chira~~, R., ~~Freeman~~, B.~~, Githaiga, J.M~~., ~~Kerwillain, S., Molokwu-Odozi, M., Varney M. and Junker~~, J. ~~2018~~. ~~Nest counts reveal a stable chimpanzee population in~~ Sapo ~~National Park~~, Liberia~~. Primate Conservation 2018 (32)~~: ~~12 pp.~~		Anderson, R., Williamson, E. A., & Carter, J. (1983). Chimpanzees of Sapo Forest, Liberia: Density, nests, tools and meat-eating. Primates, 24(4), 594–601. <br>

	~~N’Goran~~, ~~K. P.~~, ~~Kouakou, C.Y.~~ and ~~Herbinger I~~. ~~2010. Report on the Population Survey and Monitoring of Chimpanzee in Sapo National Park~~, ~~Liberia~~ (~~June–December 2009~~)~~. Report. Wild Chimpanzee Foundation, Abidjan~~, ~~Côted’Ivoire~~.

	~~Anderson~~, R., ~~Williamson~~, E.A., ~~and Carter~~, J. ~~1983~~. ~~Chimpanzees of~~ Sapo ~~Forest~~, Liberia~~: density, nests, tools and meat-eating~~. ~~PRIMAaXS~~, 24(4)~~: 594-601~~.		Collen, B., Howard, B., Konie, J., Daniel, O., & Rist, J. (2011). Field surveys for the endangered pygmy hippopotamus Choeropsis liberiensis in Sapo National Park, Liberia. Oryx, 45(1), 35–37. <br>

	~~Waitkuwait~~, W.E. ~~2003~~. ~~Report on the First Year of Operation of a Community-based Bio-monitoring Programme~~ in ~~and around~~ Sapo National Park, ~~Sinoe County~~, ~~Liberia. Report. Fauna and Flora International~~.		Greengrass, E. (2015). Commercial hunting to supply urban markets threatens mammalian biodiversity in Sapo National Park. Oryx, 50(3), 397–404. <br>

	~~Vogt~~, M. ~~2011~~. ~~Results~~ of Sapo National Park ~~Bio-Monitoring Programme 2007-~~2009. Report. ~~Fauna & Flora International, Monrovia, Liberia~~.		N’Goran, K. P., Kouakou, C. Y., & Herbinger, I. (2010). Report on the population survey and monitoring of chimpanzee in Sapo National Park, Liberia (June–December 2009) [Report]. Wild Chimpanzee Foundation. <br>

	~~Greengrass~~, E. ~~2015~~. ~~Commercial hunting to supply urban markets threatens mammalian biodiversity in Sapo National Park~~. ~~Oryx 50~~(3), ~~397–404~~.		Peal, A. L., & Kranz, K. R. (1990). Antelopes: Global survey and regional action plans, Part 3: West and Central Africa. World Conservation Union. <br>

	~~Collen~~, B., ~~Howard~~, B., ~~Konie~~, J., ~~Daniel~~, O., ~~and Rist~~, J. ~~2011~~. ~~Field surveys for the endangered pygmy hippopotamus Choerpsis liberiensis~~ in Sapo National Park, Liberia. ~~Oryx~~, ~~45(1)~~, ~~35–37~~.		Tweh, C., Kouakou, C. Y., Chira, R., Freeman, B., Githaiga, J. M., Kerwillain, S., Molokwu-Odozi, M., Varney, M., & Junker, J. (2018). Nest counts reveal a stable chimpanzee population in Sapo National Park, Liberia. Primate Conservation, 32, 12 pp. <br>

	~~Wild Chimpanzee Foundation~~. ~~2019~~. ~~Activities~~ of ~~the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation for improved conservation of chimpanzees and their habitat in West Africa~~. ~~Annual Report 2018~~.		Vogt, M. (2011). Results of Sapo National Park bio-monitoring programme 2007–2009 [Report]. Fauna & Flora International. <br>

	~~Peal~~, A. ~~L., & Kranz, K. R~~. (~~1990~~). ~~Antelopes: GLobal Survey~~ and ~~Regional Action Plans~~, ~~Part 3~~. ~~West~~ and		Waitkuwait, W. E. (2003). Report on the first year of operation of a community-based bio-monitoring programme in and around Sapo National Park, Sinoe County, Liberia [Report]. Fauna and Flora International. <br>

	~~Central~~ Africa~~. Gland, Switzerland~~: ~~World Conservation Union~~.		Wild Chimpanzee Foundation. (2019). Activities of the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation for improved conservation of chimpanzees and their habitat in West Africa: Annual report 2018. <br>

WikiEdit at 09:47, 14 July 2026

2026-07-14T09:47:06Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:47, 14 July 2026
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	\|-		\|-
	\|''Pan troglodytes verus''		\|''Pan troglodytes verus''
	\|~~2002~~		\|2016-2017
	~~\|Present~~
	\|
	\|
	\|
	~~\|Sapo National Park~~
	~~\|Line transects~~
	\|
	~~\|Waitkuwait 2003~~
	~~\|Assessment of Fauna & Flora International's bio~~-~~monitoring programme~~
	\|
	\|-
	~~\|''Pan troglodytes verus''~~
	~~\|2007-2009~~
	\|
	~~\|0.27~~
	\|		\|
	\|		\|
			\|0.83
			\|1,055 (595-1,870)
	\|Sapo National Park, excluding south east area		\|Sapo National Park, excluding south east area
	\|Line transects		\|Line transects
	\|		\|
	\|~~Vogt 2011~~		\|Tweh et al. 2018
	\|~~Fauna & Flora International bio-monitoring programme~~		\|Total survey effort: 38.38 km
	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-
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	\|-		\|-
	\|''Pan troglodytes verus''		\|''Pan troglodytes verus''
	\|~~2016~~-~~2017~~		\|2002
			\|Present
			\|
			\|
			\|
			\|Sapo National Park
			\|Line transects
			\|
			\|Waitkuwait 2003
			\|Assessment of Fauna & Flora International's bio-monitoring programme
			\|
			\|-
			\|''Pan troglodytes verus''
			\|2007-2009
			\|
			\|0.27
	\|		\|
	\|		\|
	~~\|0.83~~
	~~\|1,055 (595-1,870)~~
	\|Sapo National Park, excluding south east area		\|Sapo National Park, excluding south east area
	\|Line transects		\|Line transects
	\|		\|
	\|~~Tweh et al. 2018~~		\|Vogt 2011
	\|~~Total survey effort: 38.38 km~~		\|Fauna & Flora International bio-monitoring programme
	\|		\|
	\|}		\|}

WikiEdit at 09:27, 21 April 2026

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← Older revision		Revision as of 05:27, 21 April 2026
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	!Year(s)		!Year(s)
	\|-		\|-
	\|~~4 Institutional support~~		\|1 Site management
	\|4.~~1 Lack of law enforcement~~		\|1.2 Need for improved coordination
	\|~~Greengrass 2015, N'Goran et al. 2010~~		\|Waitkuwait 2003
	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-
	\|~~2 Resources and capacity~~		\|1 Site management
	\|2.~~5 Lack of equipment/transportation~~		\|1.4 Conflict on land tenure
	\|~~Tweh et al~~. ~~2018~~		\|Tally, B. pers. comm. 2022
	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-
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	\|Ongoing (2025)		\|Ongoing (2025)
	\|-		\|-
	\|~~1 Site management~~		\|2 Resources and capacity
	\|1.~~2 Need for improved coordination~~		\|2.5 Lack of equipment/transportation
	\|~~Waitkuwait 2003~~		\|Tweh et al. 2018
	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-
	\|~~1 Site management~~		\|4 Institutional support
	\|1~~.4 Conflict on land tenure~~		\|4.1 Lack of law enforcement
	\|~~Tally~~, ~~B. pers. comm~~. ~~2022~~		\|Greengrass 2015, N'Goran et al. 2010
	\|		\|
	\|}		\|}

WikiEdit at 14:48, 25 March 2026

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	* Conservation activities have focused on long-term bio-monitoring and law enforcement, involving and supporting local communities, together with education and awareness raising.		* Conservation activities have focused on long-term bio-monitoring and law enforcement, involving and supporting local communities, together with education and awareness raising.
	* Sapo National Park is Liberia's first protected area, established in 1983.		* Sapo National Park is Liberia's first protected area, established in 1983.





	= Site characteristics =		= Site characteristics =
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	!Description		!Description
	!Year of threat		!Year of threat
	\|-
	~~\|6 Human intrusions & disturbance~~
	~~\|6.2 War, civil unrest & military exercises~~
	~~\|High (more than 70% of population affected)~~
	\|Two civil wars since the establishment of the park disrupted conservation activities, and led to illegal occupation of the park, as well as poaching and extraction of natural resources (Greengrass 2015, Collen et al. 2011).
	~~\|1989-1996, 1999-2003~~
	\|-		\|-
	\|1 Residential & commercial development		\|1 Residential & commercial development
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	\|2010		\|2010
	\|-		\|-
	\|~~5 Biological resource use~~		\|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
	\|5.1 ~~Hunting~~ & ~~collecting terrestrial animals~~		\|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
	\|~~High~~ (~~more than 70% of population affected~~)		\|Present (unknown severity)
	\|~~Poaching represents~~ a ~~major threat to chimpanzees and other species in the park~~ (~~Tweh et al. 2018,~~ N’Goran et al. 2010~~, Greengrass 2015), and most of the bushmeat is destined to urban areas (Greengrass 2015~~).		\|Present as a result of illegal settlements; scale unknown (N’Goran et al. 2010).
	\|~~2010-~~Ongoing (~~2018~~)		\|Ongoing (2010)
	\|-		\|-
	\|3 Energy production & mining		\|3 Energy production & mining
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	\|Illicit gold mining which has decreased since 2010 (Tweh et al. 2018); artisanal mining is still present (Junket per. comm. 2019).		\|Illicit gold mining which has decreased since 2010 (Tweh et al. 2018); artisanal mining is still present (Junket per. comm. 2019).
	\|2010-Ongoing (2019)		\|2010-Ongoing (2019)
	\|-
	~~\|2 Agriculture & aquaculture~~
	~~\|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops~~
	~~\|Present (unknown severity)~~
	~~\|Present as a result of illegal settlements; scale unknown (N’Goran et al. 2010).~~
	~~\|Ongoing (2010)~~
	\|-		\|-
	\|4 Transportation & service corridors		\|4 Transportation & service corridors
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	\|Development of the road network around the park facilitates illegal human activities in the park (Greengrass 2015).		\|Development of the road network around the park facilitates illegal human activities in the park (Greengrass 2015).
	\|Ongoing (2015)		\|Ongoing (2015)
			\|-
			\|5 Biological resource use
			\|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
			\|High (more than 70% of population affected)
			\|Poaching represents a major threat to chimpanzees and other species in the park (Tweh et al. 2018, N’Goran et al. 2010, Greengrass 2015), and most of the bushmeat is destined to urban areas (Greengrass 2015).
			\|2010-Ongoing (2018)
	\|-		\|-
	\|5 Biological resource use		\|5 Biological resource use
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	\|Human great ape conflict has been reported in areas where great apes raid crops (Tally B. pers. comm. 2025).		\|Human great ape conflict has been reported in areas where great apes raid crops (Tally B. pers. comm. 2025).
	\|Ongoing (2025)		\|Ongoing (2025)
			\|-
			\|6 Human intrusions & disturbance
			\|6.2 War, civil unrest & military exercises
			\|High (more than 70% of population affected)
			\|Two civil wars since the establishment of the park disrupted conservation activities, and led to illegal occupation of the park, as well as poaching and extraction of natural resources (Greengrass 2015, Collen et al. 2011).
			\|1989-1996, 1999-2003
	\|}		\|}

WikiEdit at 07:31, 4 February 2026

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← Older revision		Revision as of 03:31, 4 February 2026
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	\|The area is designated as National Park.		\|The area is designated as National Park.
	\|		\|
	\|1983-Ongoing (~~2025~~)		\|1983-Ongoing (2026)
	\|-		\|-
	\|5 Protection & restoration		\|5 Protection & restoration

WikiEdit at 14:32, 23 December 2025

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@@ Line 201: / Line 201: @@
 !Implementing organization(s)
 !Year of activity
 |-
 |2 Counter-wildlife crime
@@ Line 243: / Line 225: @@
+|
 |Ongoing (2025)
 |-
 |5 Protection & restoration
@@ Line 249: / Line 243: @@
+|
 |Ongoing (2025)
 |-
 |7 Economic & other incentives