Mwagna National Park - Revision history

WikiEdit at 21:54, 15 October 2026

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	<span id="R01355"></span>Maisels, F., Akou, M.E., Douckaga, M. & Moundounga, A. (2004). Mwagne National Park Trip Report, Nov-Dec 2004 Large Mammals and Human Impact. WCS unpublished report.		<span id="R01355"></span>Maisels, F., Akou, M.E., Douckaga, M. & Moundounga, A. (2004). Mwagne National Park Trip Report, Nov-Dec 2004 Large Mammals and Human Impact. WCS unpublished report.

	<span id="R02278"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), ~~1-19~~. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]		<span id="R02278"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), e0000345. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]

WikiEdit at 14:35, 15 October 2026

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← Older revision		Revision as of 10:35, 15 October 2026
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	<span id="R01355"></span>Maisels, F., Akou, M.E., Douckaga, M. & Moundounga, A. (2004). Mwagne National Park Trip Report, Nov-Dec 2004 Large Mammals and Human Impact. WCS unpublished report.		<span id="R01355"></span>Maisels, F., Akou, M.E., Douckaga, M. & Moundounga, A. (2004). Mwagne National Park Trip Report, Nov-Dec 2004 Large Mammals and Human Impact. WCS unpublished report.

	<span id="R02278"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), ~~e0000345~~. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]		<span id="R02278"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), 1-19. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]

WikiEdit at 20:29, 12 October 2026

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	A study conducted in 2004 revealed that the park's gorilla population had been severely affected by Ebola epidemics, with all gorillas present in 2001 having disappeared. During this study, only five very old nests and a long-gnawed termite mound (at least one year old, possibly more) were recorded.		A study conducted in 2004 revealed that the park's gorilla population had been severely affected by Ebola epidemics, with all gorillas present in 2001 having disappeared. During this study, only five very old nests and a long-gnawed termite mound (at least one year old, possibly more) were recorded.

	No signs of great ape feeding were observed (Maisels et al., 2004).		No signs of great ape feeding were observed ([[#R01355\|Maisels et al., 2004]]).

	Between 2004 and 2012, the nest discovery rate increased (Maisels and Akou, 2013).		Between 2004 and 2012, the nest discovery rate increased ([[#R01354\|Maisels and Akou, 2013]]).

	Between September 2019 and December 2023, during reconnaissance patrols by park surveillance teams, individuals (21) of Gorilla were observed in several locations in the park (See SMART sighting map).		Between September 2019 and December 2023, during reconnaissance patrols by park surveillance teams, individuals (21) of Gorilla were observed in several locations in the park (See SMART sighting map).
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	\|Line transects & recces		\|Line transects & recces
	\|		\|
	\|Maisels & Akou 2013		\|[[#R01354\|Maisels & Akou 2013]]
	\|		\|
	\|		\|
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	\|Reconnaissance walk		\|Reconnaissance walk
	\|		\|
	\|Maisels et al. 2004		\|[[#R01355\|Maisels et al. 2004]]
	\|No great apes recorded after the Ebola outbreak.		\|No great apes recorded after the Ebola outbreak.
	\|		\|GAB0049
	\|}		\|}

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	= Threats =		= Threats =

	A drastic reduction in ape numbers occurred between 2001 and 2004 almost certainly due to Ebola outbreaks (Maisels et al. 2004).		A drastic reduction in ape numbers occurred between 2001 and 2004 almost certainly due to Ebola outbreaks ([[#R01355\|Maisels et al. 2004]]).

	'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Mwagna National Park'''		'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Mwagna National Park'''
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	\|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals		\|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
	\|Present (unknown severity)		\|Present (unknown severity)
	\|A survey in 2004 documented the presence of hunting trails (Maisels et al. 2004). One machete cut was recorded inside the park during a survey in 2012; outside the park, snares and shotgun shells were recorded (Maisels & Akou 2013). National and transboundary poaching has also been reported, with occasional intrusions by Congolese hunters and artisanal miners. This leads to population reduction, disruption of population dynamics, and disturbance of social behavior (IBINGA SANA pers. comm. 2025)		\|A survey in 2004 documented the presence of hunting trails ([[#R01355\|Maisels et al. 2004]]). One machete cut was recorded inside the park during a survey in 2012; outside the park, snares and shotgun shells were recorded ([[#R01354\|Maisels & Akou 2013]]). National and transboundary poaching has also been reported, with occasional intrusions by Congolese hunters and artisanal miners. This leads to population reduction, disruption of population dynamics, and disturbance of social behavior (IBINGA SANA pers. comm. 2025)
	\|2013-Ongoing (2025)		\|2013-Ongoing (2025)
	\|-		\|-
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	\|8.4 Pathogens		\|8.4 Pathogens
	\|High (more than 70% of population affected)		\|High (more than 70% of population affected)
	\|Ebola outbreaks in the early 2000s decimated the gorilla population in the park (Maisels & Akou 2013, Bermejo et al. 2006). There remains a significant risk of disease transmission between humans and apes in both directions, as was reported again in 2025 (IBINGA SANA pers. comm. 2025)		\|Ebola outbreaks in the early 2000s decimated the gorilla population in the park ([[#R01354\|Maisels & Akou 2013]], [[#R01353\|Bermejo et al. 2006]]). There remains a significant risk of disease transmission between humans and apes in both directions, as was reported again in 2025 (IBINGA SANA pers. comm. 2025)
	\|2002-Ongoing (2025)		\|2002-Ongoing (2025)
	\|}		\|}
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	= Exposure to climate change impacts =		= Exposure to climate change impacts =

	As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.		As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, [[#R02278\|Kiribou et al. (2024)]] extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.

	The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).		The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated ([[#R02278\|Kiribou et al. 2024]]).

	'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Mwagna National Park'''		'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Mwagna National Park'''
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	= References =		= References =

	Bermejo, M., Rodríguez-Teijeiro, J. D., Illera, G., Barroso, A., Vilà, C., & Walsh, P. D. (2006). Ebola ~~outbreak killed~~ 5000 ~~gorillas~~. Science, 314(5805), 1564-1564.		<span id="R01353"></span>Bermejo, M., Rodríguez-Teijeiro, J. D., Illera, G., Barroso, A., Vilà, C., & Walsh, P. D. (2006). Ebola Outbreak Killed 5000 Gorillas. ''Science'', 314(5805), 1564-1564. [https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1133105 doi:10.1126/science.1133105]

			<span id="R01354"></span>Maisels, F. and Akou, M.E. (2013). Mwagne National Park: Report on survey transects 2012. WWF unpublished report.

	Maisels, F. ~~and~~ Akou, M.E. (~~2013~~). Mwagne National Park: Report ~~on survey transects 2012~~. ~~WWF~~ unpublished report.		<span id="R01355"></span>Maisels, F., Akou, M.E., Douckaga, M. & Moundounga, A. (2004). Mwagne National Park Trip Report, Nov-Dec 2004 Large Mammals and Human Impact. WCS unpublished report.

	~~Maisels~~, F., ~~Akou~~, M.E., ~~Douckaga~~, M. & ~~Moundounga~~, A. (~~2004~~). ~~Mwagne National Park Trip Report~~, ~~Nov-Dec 2004 Large Mammals and Human Impact~~. ~~WCS unpublished report~~.		<span id="R02278"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), e0000345. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]

WikiEdit at 12:18, 3 September 2026

2026-09-03T12:18:21Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:18, 3 September 2026
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	= Exposure to climate change impacts =		= Exposure to climate change impacts =

	As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. ~~subm.~~ extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.		As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.

	The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (~~see~~ Kiribou et al. ~~subm. for details~~).		The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).

	'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Mwagna National Park'''		'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Mwagna National Park'''

WikiEdit at 09:25, 21 April 2026

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← Older revision		Revision as of 05:25, 21 April 2026
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	\|-		\|-
	\|2 Resources and capacity		\|2 Resources and capacity
	\|2.~~3 General lack~~ of ~~funding~~		\|2.2 Lack of staff
	\|IBINGA SANA pers. comm. 2025		\|IBINGA SANA pers. comm. 2025
	\|2025		\|2025
	\|-		\|-
	\|2 Resources and capacity		\|2 Resources and capacity
	\|2.~~4 Lack~~ of ~~continuous/long-term~~ funding		\|2.3 General lack of funding
	\|IBINGA SANA pers. comm. 2025		\|IBINGA SANA pers. comm. 2025
	\|2025		\|2025
	\|-		\|-
	\|2 Resources and capacity		\|2 Resources and capacity
	\|2.6 Lack of ~~biomonitoring~~/~~survey data~~		\|2.4 Lack of continuous/long-term funding
	\|IBINGA SANA pers. comm. 2025		\|IBINGA SANA pers. comm. 2025
	\|2025		\|2025
	\|-		\|-
	\|2 Resources and capacity		\|2 Resources and capacity
	\|2.2 Lack of ~~staff~~		\|2.6 Lack of biomonitoring/survey data
	\|IBINGA SANA pers. comm. 2025		\|IBINGA SANA pers. comm. 2025
	\|2025		\|2025

WikiEdit at 16:50, 8 April 2026

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	'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2023-07-11		'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2023-07-11

	'''Page updated by: '''~~IBINGA SANA~~ Guy Ghislain''' Date:''' 2025-07-25		'''Page updated by: '''Ibinga Sana Guy Ghislain''' Date:''' 2025-07-25

WikiEdit at 14:47, 25 March 2026

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	* The main conservation activities include awareness-raising and education, employing local people in conservation efforts, providing health and well-being services to local communities, restoring natural habitats, and conducting law enforcement and patrol operations.		* The main conservation activities include awareness-raising and education, employing local people in conservation efforts, providing health and well-being services to local communities, restoring natural habitats, and conducting law enforcement and patrol operations.
	* The site is part of the TRIDOM (Trinational Dja-Odzala-Minkébé) landscape.		* The site is part of the TRIDOM (Trinational Dja-Odzala-Minkébé) landscape.





	= Site characteristics =		= Site characteristics =
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	!A.P.E.S. database ID		!A.P.E.S. database ID
	\|-		\|-
	\|'Pan troglodytes troglodytes'' and ''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''		\|''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'' and '''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
	\|2012		\|2012
	\|		\|
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	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-
	\|'Pan troglodytes troglodytes'' and ''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''		\|''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'' and '''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
	\|2004		\|2004
	\|		\|
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	!Year of threat		!Year of threat
	\|-		\|-
	\|~~8 Invasive~~ & ~~other problematic species, genes & diseases~~		\|3 Energy production & mining
	\|8.~~4 Pathogens~~		\|3.2.3 Artisanal mining
	\|~~High~~ (~~more than 70% of population affected~~)		\|Present (unknown severity)
	\|~~Ebola outbreaks in the early 2000s decimated the gorilla population in~~ the ~~park (Maisels & Akou 2013, Bermejo et al. 2006). There remains a significant risk~~ of ~~disease transmission between humans and apes in both directions, as was reported again in 2025~~ (IBINGA SANA pers. comm. 2025)		\|Illegal mining activities including artisanal gold mining have been reported and are among the main causes of habitat loss (IBINGA SANA pers. comm. 2025).
	\|~~2002-~~Ongoing (2025)		\|Ongoing (2025)
	\|-		\|-
	\|5 Biological resource use		\|5 Biological resource use
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	\|A survey in 2004 documented the presence of hunting trails (Maisels et al. 2004). One machete cut was recorded inside the park during a survey in 2012; outside the park, snares and shotgun shells were recorded (Maisels & Akou 2013). National and transboundary poaching has also been reported, with occasional intrusions by Congolese hunters and artisanal miners. This leads to population reduction, disruption of population dynamics, and disturbance of social behavior (IBINGA SANA pers. comm. 2025)		\|A survey in 2004 documented the presence of hunting trails (Maisels et al. 2004). One machete cut was recorded inside the park during a survey in 2012; outside the park, snares and shotgun shells were recorded (Maisels & Akou 2013). National and transboundary poaching has also been reported, with occasional intrusions by Congolese hunters and artisanal miners. This leads to population reduction, disruption of population dynamics, and disturbance of social behavior (IBINGA SANA pers. comm. 2025)
	\|2013-Ongoing (2025)		\|2013-Ongoing (2025)
	\|-
	~~\|3 Energy production & mining~~
	~~\|3.2.3 Artisanal mining~~
	~~\|Present (unknown severity)~~
	~~\|Illegal mining activities including artisanal gold mining have been reported and are among the main causes of habitat loss (IBINGA SANA pers. comm. 2025).~~
	~~\|Ongoing (2025)~~
	\|-		\|-
	\|5 Biological resource use		\|5 Biological resource use
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	\|The presence of the SUNNRY forest concession leased to Vision Wood Gabon has resulted in extensive logging activities, leading to habitat loss, population fragmentation, and increased access to hunting areas (IBINGA SANA pers. comm. 2025).		\|The presence of the SUNNRY forest concession leased to Vision Wood Gabon has resulted in extensive logging activities, leading to habitat loss, population fragmentation, and increased access to hunting areas (IBINGA SANA pers. comm. 2025).
	\|Ongoing (2025)		\|Ongoing (2025)
			\|-
			\|8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases
			\|8.4 Pathogens
			\|High (more than 70% of population affected)
			\|Ebola outbreaks in the early 2000s decimated the gorilla population in the park (Maisels & Akou 2013, Bermejo et al. 2006). There remains a significant risk of disease transmission between humans and apes in both directions, as was reported again in 2025 (IBINGA SANA pers. comm. 2025)
			\|2002-Ongoing (2025)
	\|}		\|}

WikiEdit at 07:29, 4 February 2026

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	\|The site is a national park.		\|The site is a national park.
	\|		\|
	\|Ongoing (~~2023~~)		\|2002-Ongoing (2026)
	\|-		\|-
	\|5 Protection & restoration		\|5 Protection & restoration

WikiEdit at 14:31, 23 December 2025

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	!Implementing organization(s)		!Implementing organization(s)
	!Year of activity		!Year of activity
	\|-
	~~\|5 Protection & restoration~~
	~~\|5.2 Legally protect ape habitat~~
	~~\|The site is a national park.~~
	\|
	~~\|Ongoing (2023)~~
	\|-		\|-
	\|1 Development impact mitigation		\|1 Development impact mitigation
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	\|		\|
	\|Ongoing (2025)		\|Ongoing (2025)
			\|-
			\|5 Protection & restoration
			\|5.2 Legally protect ape habitat
			\|The site is a national park.
			\|
			\|Ongoing (2023)
	\|-		\|-
	\|5 Protection & restoration		\|5 Protection & restoration

WikiEdit at 10:50, 15 December 2025

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	\|1.1 Effective leadership		\|1.1 Effective leadership
	\|IBINGA SANA pers. comm. 2025		\|IBINGA SANA pers. comm. 2025
	\|2025.0		\|2025
	\|-		\|-
	\|1 Site management		\|1 Site management
	\|1.2 Effective coordination		\|1.2 Effective coordination
	\|IBINGA SANA pers. comm. 2025		\|IBINGA SANA pers. comm. 2025
	\|2025.0		\|2025
	\|-		\|-
	\|2 Resources and capacity		\|2 Resources and capacity
	\|2.1 Sufficient staff		\|2.1 Sufficient staff
	\|IBINGA SANA pers. comm. 2025		\|IBINGA SANA pers. comm. 2025
	\|2025.0		\|2025
	\|-		\|-
	\|2 Resources and capacity		\|2 Resources and capacity
	\|2.6 External partnerships that add expertise or resources		\|2.6 External partnerships that add expertise or resources
	\|IBINGA SANA pers. comm. 2025		\|IBINGA SANA pers. comm. 2025
	\|2025.0		\|2025
	\|-		\|-
	\|3 Engaged community		\|3 Engaged community
	\|3.1 Strong local environmental knowledge		\|3.1 Strong local environmental knowledge
	\|IBINGA SANA pers. comm. 2025		\|IBINGA SANA pers. comm. 2025
	\|2025.0		\|2025
	\|-		\|-
	\|3 Engaged community		\|3 Engaged community
	\|3.6 Local community engagement and support		\|3.6 Local community engagement and support
	\|IBINGA SANA pers. comm. 2025		\|IBINGA SANA pers. comm. 2025
	\|2025.0		\|2025
	\|-		\|-
	\|4 Institutional support		\|4 Institutional support