Kokolopori Bonobo Reserve - Revision history

WikiEdit at 21:53, 15 October 2026

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	<span id="R00903"></span>Vie Sauvage. (2023). Vie Sauvage case study: The Kokolopori Bonobo Reserve and the Bonobo Peace Forest. Equator Initiative.		<span id="R00903"></span>Vie Sauvage. (2023). Vie Sauvage case study: The Kokolopori Bonobo Reserve and the Bonobo Peace Forest. Equator Initiative.

	<span id="R02229"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), ~~1-19~~. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]		<span id="R02229"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), e0000345. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]

WikiEdit at 14:34, 15 October 2026

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	<span id="R00903"></span>Vie Sauvage. (2023). Vie Sauvage case study: The Kokolopori Bonobo Reserve and the Bonobo Peace Forest. Equator Initiative.		<span id="R00903"></span>Vie Sauvage. (2023). Vie Sauvage case study: The Kokolopori Bonobo Reserve and the Bonobo Peace Forest. Equator Initiative.

	<span id="R02229"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), ~~e0000345~~. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]		<span id="R02229"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), 1-19. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]

WikiEdit at 20:28, 12 October 2026

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Show changes

WikiEdit at 12:16, 3 September 2026

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	= Exposure to climate change impacts =		= Exposure to climate change impacts =

	As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. ~~subm.~~ extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.		As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.

	The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (~~see~~ Kiribou et al. ~~subm. for details~~).		The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).

	'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Kokolopori Bonobo Reserve'''		'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Kokolopori Bonobo Reserve'''

WikiEdit at 14:46, 1 September 2026

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	= References =		= References =

	Berthet, M., Surbeck, M., Townsend, S.W., (2025). Extensive compositionality in the vocal system of bonobos. Science 388, 104–108. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adv1170 <br>		Berthet, M., Surbeck, M., & Townsend, S. W. (2025). Extensive compositionality in the vocal system of bonobos. Science, 388, 104–108. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adv1170 <br>
	Bonobo Conservation Initiative (BCI). (2020, October 21). Kokolopori Bonobo Reserve.https://www.bonobo.org/programs/kokolopori-bonobo-reserve <br>
	Indigo Foundation (2020, October 21). Democratic Republic of Congo: Kokolopori and Vie Sauvage. https://www.indigofoundation.org/completed-projects/democratic-republic-of-congo-kokolopori <br>		Bonobo Conservation Initiative (BCI). (2020, October 21). Kokolopori Bonobo Reserve. https://www.bonobo.org/programs/kokolopori-bonobo-reserve <br>
	~~Samuni~~, L., ~~Wegdell~~, F., & Surbeck. M. (2020). Behavioural diversity of bonobo prey preference as a potential cultural trait. eLife, e59191. ~~DOI~~: 10.7554/eLife.59191 <br>
	Samuni, L., Surbeck, M., (2023). Cooperation across social borders in bonobos. Science. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adg0844 <br>		Indigo Foundation. (2020, October 21). Democratic Republic of Congo: Kokolopori and Vie Sauvage. https://www.indigofoundation.org/completed-projects/democratic-republic-of-congo-kokolopori <br>
	Surbeck, M., Coxe, S., & Lokasola, A. L. (2017). Lonoa: The ~~Establishment~~ of a ~~Permanent Field Site~~ for ~~Behavioural Research~~ on ~~Bonobos~~ in the Kokolopori Bonobo Reserve. Pan Africa News, 24(2), 13–15. <br>
			Narat, V., Pennec, F., & Pourrut, X. (2015). Bonobo conservation as a means for local development: Lessons from the Kokolopori Bonobo Reserve. In G. Hohmann, M. M. Robbins, & C. Boesch (Eds.), Bonobos: Unique in mind, brain, and behavior (pp. 355–370). Oxford University Press. <br>

			Samuni, L., Surbeck, M., & Wegdell, F. (2020). Behavioural diversity of bonobo prey preference as a potential cultural trait. eLife, e59191. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.59191 <br>

			Samuni, L., & Surbeck, M. (2023). Cooperation across social borders in bonobos. Science. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adg0844 <br>

			Surbeck, M., Coxe, S., & Lokasola, A. L. (2017). Lonoa: The establishment of a permanent field site for behavioural research on bonobos in the Kokolopori Bonobo Reserve. Pan Africa News, 24(2), 13–15. <br>

	Tokuyama, N., Moore, D. L., Graham, K. E., Lokasola, A., & Furuichi, T. (2017). Cases of maternal cannibalism in wild bonobos (Pan paniscus) from two different field sites, Wamba and Kokolopori, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Primates, 58, 7–12. <br>		Tokuyama, N., Moore, D. L., Graham, K. E., Lokasola, A., & Furuichi, T. (2017). Cases of maternal cannibalism in wild bonobos (Pan paniscus) from two different field sites, Wamba and Kokolopori, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Primates, 58, 7–12. <br>
	Vie Sauvage (2023). Vie Sauvage ~~Case Study~~: The Kokolopori Bonobo Reserve and the Bonobo Peace Forest. Equator Initiative~~. <br>~~
	Narat, V., Pennec, F., & Pourrut, X. (2015). Bonobo conservation as a means for local development: Lessons from the Kokolopori Bonobo Reserve. In Hohmann, G., Robbins, M. M., & Boesch, C. (Eds.), Bonobos: Unique in Mind, Brain, and Behavior (pp. 355–370). Oxford University Press. <br>		Vie Sauvage. (2023). Vie Sauvage case study: The Kokolopori Bonobo Reserve and the Bonobo Peace Forest. Equator Initiative. <br>

WikiEdit at 14:45, 25 March 2026

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	* Key threats to bonobos are hunting, artisanal mining, roads and agricultural expansion.		* Key threats to bonobos are hunting, artisanal mining, roads and agricultural expansion.
	* Conservation activities have focused on providing benefits to the local community.		* Conservation activities have focused on providing benefits to the local community.






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	\|Medium (30-70% of population affected)		\|Medium (30-70% of population affected)
	\|Slash-and-burn agriculture aimed at opening fields for self-sustenance (Lucchesi pers. comm. 2020, Ettinger pers. comm. 2025). Forest clearing for farming near or within reserve boundaries; farms expanding into wildlife habitat; edge effects (Vie Sauvage 2023).		\|Slash-and-burn agriculture aimed at opening fields for self-sustenance (Lucchesi pers. comm. 2020, Ettinger pers. comm. 2025). Forest clearing for farming near or within reserve boundaries; farms expanding into wildlife habitat; edge effects (Vie Sauvage 2023).
	~~\|2020-Ongoing (2025)~~
	\|-
	~~\|5 Biological resource use~~
	~~\|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals~~
	~~\|High (more than 70% of population affected)~~
	\|Hunting, mainly with snares and traps, but also guns (Lucchesi pers. comm. 2020, Ettinger pers. comm. 2025). Hunting of wildlife (bonobos, other species) for meat; includes occasional snares; driven by need for food/income (Vie Sauvage 2023).
	\|2020-Ongoing (2025)		\|2020-Ongoing (2025)
	\|-		\|-
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	\|Present (unknown severity)		\|Present (unknown severity)
	\|Wide dirt road crossing bonobo ranges (Lucchesi pers. comm. 2020, Ettinger pers. comm. 2025).		\|Wide dirt road crossing bonobo ranges (Lucchesi pers. comm. 2020, Ettinger pers. comm. 2025).
			\|2020-Ongoing (2025)
			\|-
			\|5 Biological resource use
			\|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
			\|High (more than 70% of population affected)
			\|Hunting, mainly with snares and traps, but also guns (Lucchesi pers. comm. 2020, Ettinger pers. comm. 2025). Hunting of wildlife (bonobos, other species) for meat; includes occasional snares; driven by need for food/income (Vie Sauvage 2023).
	\|2020-Ongoing (2025)		\|2020-Ongoing (2025)
	\|}		\|}

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	\|Vie Sauvage, Bonobo Conservation Initiative, local communities, DRC government (ICCN).		\|Vie Sauvage, Bonobo Conservation Initiative, local communities, DRC government (ICCN).
	\|2000, 2009-Ongoing (~~2025~~)		\|2000, 2009-Ongoing (2026)
	\|-		\|-
	\|6 Species management		\|6 Species management

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@@ Line 131: / Line 131: @@
 !Implementing organization(s)
 !Year of activity
 |-
 |5 Protection & restoration
@@ Line 138: / Line 162: @@
 |Vie Sauvage, Bonobo Conservation Initiative, local communities, DRC government (ICCN).
 |2000, 2009-Ongoing (2025)
 |-
 |6 Species management
@@ Line 156: / Line 174: @@
 |Vie Sauvage, Bonobo Conservation Initiative, local cooperatives
 |2007, 2020-Ongoing (2025)
 |}

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 !Source
 !Year(s)
 |-
 |1 Site management
@@ Line 217: / Line 227: @@
+|
+|
 |-
 |4 Institutional support

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← Older revision		Revision as of 09:53, 23 November 2025
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	= Site characteristics =		= Site characteristics =

	The site was established as a community-based nature reserve in 2009 (Surbeck, Coxe & Lokasola 2017). ~~Besides~~ bonobos, the ~~site is inhabited by various duiker~~ species ~~(e.g~~. ~~blue duiker ''Cephalophus monticola'', black~~-~~fronted duiker~~ ''~~Cephalophus nigrifrons'', bay duiker ''Cephalophus dorsalis'' and Peter’s duiker ''Cephalophus callipygus~~''), ~~monkeys~~ (e.g. ~~red~~-~~tailed monkeys ''Cercopithecus ascanius''~~, Wolf’s mona monkey ''Cercopithecus wolfi'' and De Brazza’s monkey ''Cercopithecus neglectus''), red river hogs (''Potamochoerus porcus''), sitatungas (''Tragelaphus spekii''), aardvarks (''Orycteropus afer''), tree pangolins (''Phataginus tricuspis''), golden cats (''Felis aurata'') and leopards (''Panthera pardus'').		The site was established as a community-based nature reserve in 2009 (Surbeck, Coxe & Lokasola 2017). In addition to bonobos, the Kokolopori Forest hosts numerous other species, including a diverse assemblage of primates. The first-ever study of the rare Salongo monkey (''Cercopithecus dryas'') was conducted in Kokolopori, where it benefits from protection by the local community ([https://www.bonobo.org/preserving-rainforest Bonobo Conservation Initiative], n.d.).

	'''Table 1. Basic site information for Kokolopori Bonobo Reserve'''		'''Table 1. Basic site information for Kokolopori Bonobo Reserve'''
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	\|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops		\|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
	\|Medium (30-70% of population affected)		\|Medium (30-70% of population affected)
	\|Slash-and-burn agriculture aimed at opening fields for self-sustenance (Lucchesi pers. comm. 2020). Forest clearing for farming near or within reserve boundaries; farms expanding into wildlife habitat; edge effects (Vie Sauvage 2023).		\|Slash-and-burn agriculture aimed at opening fields for self-sustenance (Lucchesi pers. comm. 2020, Ettinger pers. comm. 2025). Forest clearing for farming near or within reserve boundaries; farms expanding into wildlife habitat; edge effects (Vie Sauvage 2023).
	\|2020-Ongoing (~~2023~~)		\|2020-Ongoing (2025)
	\|-		\|-
	\|5 Biological resource use		\|5 Biological resource use
	\|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals		\|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
	\|High (more than 70% of population affected)		\|High (more than 70% of population affected)
	\|Hunting, mainly with snares and traps, but also guns (Lucchesi pers. comm. 2020). Hunting of wildlife (bonobos, other species) for meat; includes occasional snares; driven by need for food/income (Vie Sauvage 2023).		\|Hunting, mainly with snares and traps, but also guns (Lucchesi pers. comm. 2020, Ettinger pers. comm. 2025). Hunting of wildlife (bonobos, other species) for meat; includes occasional snares; driven by need for food/income (Vie Sauvage 2023).
	\|2020-Ongoing (~~2023~~)		\|2020-Ongoing (2025)
	\|-		\|-
	\|3 Energy production & mining		\|3 Energy production & mining
	\|3.2 Mining & quarrying		\|3.2 Mining & quarrying
	\|Low (up to 30% of population affected)		\|Low (up to 30% of population affected)
	\|Artisanal gold mining next to rivers, low intensity and small scale (Lucchesi pers. comm. 2020).		\|Artisanal gold mining next to rivers, low intensity and small scale (Lucchesi pers. comm. 2020, Ettinger pers. comm. 2025).
	\|Ongoing (~~2020~~)		\|2020-Ongoing (2025)
	\|-		\|-
	\|4 Transportation & service corridors		\|4 Transportation & service corridors
	\|4.1 Roads & railroads		\|4.1 Roads & railroads
	\|Present (unknown severity)		\|Present (unknown severity)
	\|Wide dirt road crossing bonobo ranges (Lucchesi pers. comm. 2020).		\|Wide dirt road crossing bonobo ranges (Lucchesi pers. comm. 2020, Ettinger pers. comm. 2025).
	\|Ongoing (~~2020~~)		\|2020-Ongoing (2025)
	\|}		\|}

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	= Research activities =		= Research activities =

	The Kokolopori Bonobo Research Project explores the behavioural diversity and feeding ecology of the bonobo population in Kokolopori. The research team has fully habituated ~~two~~ bonobo groups, which are followed on a daily basis since 2016. ~~In 2018~~, ~~the team also started to habituate~~ and ~~follow a third bonobo~~ group. The habituation of multiple neighbouring bonobo groups in the site has also provided a unique opportunity for the study of within- and between-group relationships ~~in bonobos~~.		The Kokolopori Bonobo Research Project explores the behavioural diversity and feeding ecology of the bonobo population in Kokolopori. The research team has fully habituated three bonobo groups, which are followed on a daily basis since 2016 ( two communities) and 2018 (one community). A team of local trackers monitors the bonobos of three habituated communities—Ekalakala, Kokoalongo, and Fekako—collecting behavioral, ecological, and epidemiological data (https://kokolopori.hsites.harvard.edu/KBRP Kokolopori Bonobo Research Project n.d.). A fourth neighbouring group is also monitored, although not through daily follows. The habituation of multiple neighbouring bonobo groups in the site has also provided a unique opportunity for the study of within- and between-group relationships, and the nature of their encounters (Ettinger pers. comm. 2025).


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	\|		\|
	\|Lucchesi pers. comm.		\|Lucchesi pers. comm.
			\|
			\|
			\|
			\|-
			\|
			\|Peaceful intergroup encounters
			\|
			\|
			\|
			\|Sumani and Surbeck 2023
			\|
			\|
			\|
			\|-
			\|
			\|Vocal compositionality
			\|
			\|
			\|
			\|Berthet et al., 2025
	\|		\|
	\|		\|
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	= References =		= References =

	Bonobo Conservation Initiative (BCI). (2020, October 21). Kokolopori Bonobo Reserve.https://www.bonobo.org/programs/kokolopori-bonobo-reserve		Berthet, M., Surbeck, M., Townsend, S.W., (2025). Extensive compositionality in the vocal system of bonobos. Science 388, 104–108. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adv1170 <br>
			Bonobo Conservation Initiative (BCI). (2020, October 21). Kokolopori Bonobo Reserve.https://www.bonobo.org/programs/kokolopori-bonobo-reserve <br>
	Indigo Foundation (2020, October 21). Democratic Republic of Congo: Kokolopori and Vie Sauvage. https://www.indigofoundation.org/completed-projects/democratic-republic-of-congo-kokolopori		Indigo Foundation (2020, October 21). Democratic Republic of Congo: Kokolopori and Vie Sauvage. https://www.indigofoundation.org/completed-projects/democratic-republic-of-congo-kokolopori <br>
			Samuni, L., Wegdell, F., & Surbeck. M. (2020). Behavioural diversity of bonobo prey preference as a potential cultural trait. eLife, e59191. DOI: 10.7554/eLife.59191 <br>
	Samuni, L., Wegdell, F., & Surbeck. M. (2020). Behavioural diversity of bonobo prey preference as a potential cultural trait. eLife, e59191. DOI: 10.7554/eLife.59191		Samuni, L., Surbeck, M., (2023). Cooperation across social borders in bonobos. Science. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adg0844 <br>
			Surbeck, M., Coxe, S., & Lokasola, A. L. (2017). Lonoa: The Establishment of a Permanent Field Site for Behavioural Research on Bonobos in the Kokolopori Bonobo Reserve. Pan Africa News, 24(2), 13–15. <br>
	Surbeck, M., Coxe, S., & Lokasola, A. L. (2017). Lonoa: The Establishment of a Permanent Field Site for Behavioural Research on Bonobos in the Kokolopori Bonobo Reserve. Pan Africa News, 24(2), 13–15.

	Tokuyama, N., Moore, D. L., Graham, K. E., Lokasola, A., & Furuichi, T. (2017). Cases of maternal cannibalism in wild bonobos (Pan paniscus) from two different field sites, Wamba and Kokolopori, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Primates, 58, 7–12. <br>		Tokuyama, N., Moore, D. L., Graham, K. E., Lokasola, A., & Furuichi, T. (2017). Cases of maternal cannibalism in wild bonobos (Pan paniscus) from two different field sites, Wamba and Kokolopori, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Primates, 58, 7–12. <br>
	Vie Sauvage (2023). Vie Sauvage Case Study: The Kokolopori Bonobo Reserve and the Bonobo Peace Forest. Equator Initiative. <br>		Vie Sauvage (2023). Vie Sauvage Case Study: The Kokolopori Bonobo Reserve and the Bonobo Peace Forest. Equator Initiative. <br>
	Narat, V., Pennec, F., & Pourrut, X. (2015). Bonobo conservation as a means for local development: Lessons from the Kokolopori Bonobo Reserve. In Hohmann, G., Robbins, M. M., & Boesch, C. (Eds.), Bonobos: Unique in Mind, Brain, and Behavior (pp. 355–370). Oxford University Press. <br>		Narat, V., Pennec, F., & Pourrut, X. (2015). Bonobo conservation as a means for local development: Lessons from the Kokolopori Bonobo Reserve. In Hohmann, G., Robbins, M. M., & Boesch, C. (Eds.), Bonobos: Unique in Mind, Brain, and Behavior (pp. 355–370). Oxford University Press. <br>




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	'''Page created by: '''Leveda Cheng & Stefano Lucchesi''' Date:''' 2020-12-10		'''Page created by: '''Leveda Cheng & Stefano Lucchesi''' Date:''' 2020-12-10

	'''Page updated by: '''Aime Mizero''' Date:''' 2025-09-19		'''Page updated by: '''Maisie Ettinger, Aime Mizero''' Date:''' 2025-11-11