Kahuzi-Biega National Park - Revision history

WikiEdit at 21:53, 15 October 2026

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	<span id="R00813"></span>Yamagiwa, J., Mwanza, N., Spangenberg, A., Maruhashi, T., Yumoto, T., Fischer, A., & Steinhauer-Burkart, B. (1993). A census of the eastern lowland gorillas Gorilla gorilla graueri in Kahuzi-Biega National Park with reference to mountain gorillas G. g. beringei in the Virunga Region, Zaire. ''Biological Conservation'', 64(1), 83-89. [https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(93)90386-f doi:10.1016/0006-3207(93)90386-f]		<span id="R00813"></span>Yamagiwa, J., Mwanza, N., Spangenberg, A., Maruhashi, T., Yumoto, T., Fischer, A., & Steinhauer-Burkart, B. (1993). A census of the eastern lowland gorillas Gorilla gorilla graueri in Kahuzi-Biega National Park with reference to mountain gorillas G. g. beringei in the Virunga Region, Zaire. ''Biological Conservation'', 64(1), 83-89. [https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(93)90386-f doi:10.1016/0006-3207(93)90386-f]

	<span id="R02219"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), ~~1-19~~. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]		<span id="R02219"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), e0000345. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]



	'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2023-11-23		'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2023-11-23

WikiEdit at 14:34, 15 October 2026

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	<span id="R00808"></span>Plumptre, A. J., Nixon, S., Critchlow, R., Vieilledent, G., Nishuli, R., Kirkby, A., …, & Kujirakwinja, D. (2015). Status of Grauer's Gorilla and Chimpanzees in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo: Historical and Current Distribution and Abundance. Wildlife Conservation Society. [https://doi.org/10.19121/2015.report.dmx3094100000 doi:10.19121/2015.report.dmx3094100000]		<span id="R00808"></span>Plumptre, A. J., Nixon, S., Critchlow, R., Vieilledent, G., Nishuli, R., Kirkby, A., …, & Kujirakwinja, D. (2015). Status of Grauer's Gorilla and Chimpanzees in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo: Historical and Current Distribution and Abundance. Wildlife Conservation Society. [https://doi.org/10.19121/2015.report.dmx3094100000 doi:10.19121/2015.report.dmx3094100000]

	<span id="R00809"></span>Plumptre, A. J., Kirkby, A., Spira, C., Kivono, J., Mitamba, G., Ngoy, E., …, & Kujirakwinja, D. (2021). Changes in Grauer's gorilla (Gorilla beringei graueri) and other primate populations in the Kahuzi‐Biega National Park and Oku Community Reserve, the heart of Grauer's gorilla global range. ''American Journal of Primatology'', 83(7). [https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.23288 doi:10.1002/ajp.23288]		<span id="R00809"></span>Plumptre, A. J., Kirkby, A., Spira, C., Kivono, J., Mitamba, G., Ngoy, E., …, & Kujirakwinja, D. (2021). Changes in Grauer's gorilla (Gorilla beringei graueri) and other primate populations in the Kahuzi‐Biega National Park and Oku Community Reserve, the heart of Grauer's gorilla global range. ''American Journal of Primatology'', 83(7), e23288. [https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.23288 doi:10.1002/ajp.23288]

	<span id="R00810"></span>Spira, C., Kirkby, A., Kujirakwinja, D., & Plumptre, A. J. (2019). The socio-economics of artisanal mining and bushmeat hunting around protected areas: Kahuzi–Biega National Park and Itombwe Nature Reserve, eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. Oryx, 53(1), 136-144. [https://doi.org/10.1017/s003060531600171x doi:10.1017/s003060531600171x]		<span id="R00810"></span>Spira, C., Kirkby, A., Kujirakwinja, D., & Plumptre, A. J. (2019). The socio-economics of artisanal mining and bushmeat hunting around protected areas: Kahuzi–Biega National Park and Itombwe Nature Reserve, eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. Oryx, 53(1), 136-144. [https://doi.org/10.1017/s003060531600171x doi:10.1017/s003060531600171x]
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	<span id="R00813"></span>Yamagiwa, J., Mwanza, N., Spangenberg, A., Maruhashi, T., Yumoto, T., Fischer, A., & Steinhauer-Burkart, B. (1993). A census of the eastern lowland gorillas Gorilla gorilla graueri in Kahuzi-Biega National Park with reference to mountain gorillas G. g. beringei in the Virunga Region, Zaire. ''Biological Conservation'', 64(1), 83-89. [https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(93)90386-f doi:10.1016/0006-3207(93)90386-f]		<span id="R00813"></span>Yamagiwa, J., Mwanza, N., Spangenberg, A., Maruhashi, T., Yumoto, T., Fischer, A., & Steinhauer-Burkart, B. (1993). A census of the eastern lowland gorillas Gorilla gorilla graueri in Kahuzi-Biega National Park with reference to mountain gorillas G. g. beringei in the Virunga Region, Zaire. ''Biological Conservation'', 64(1), 83-89. [https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(93)90386-f doi:10.1016/0006-3207(93)90386-f]

	<span id="R02219"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), ~~e0000345~~. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]		<span id="R02219"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), 1-19. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]



	'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2023-11-23		'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2023-11-23

WikiEdit at 19:10, 14 October 2026

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	\|WCS and ICCN, as cited by [[#R00812\|Spira et al. 2016]]		\|WCS and ICCN, as cited by [[#R00812\|Spira et al. 2016]]
	\|		\|
	\|COD0036, COD0063, COD0064, COD0065, COD0066, COD0068, COD0070, COD0071, COD0072, COD0073, COD0074, COD0075, COD0083, COD0085		\|COD0036, COD0063<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="+12 more" data-collapsetext="less">COD0064, COD0065, COD0066, COD0068, COD0070, COD0071, COD0072, COD0073, COD0074, COD0075, COD0083, COD0085</div>
	\|-		\|-
	\|''Gorilla beringei graueri''		\|''Gorilla beringei graueri''
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	\|[[#R00812\|Spira et al. 2016]]		\|[[#R00812\|Spira et al. 2016]]
	\|abundance estimate is a minimum		\|abundance estimate is a minimum
	\|COD0036, COD0063, COD0064, COD0065, COD0066, COD0068, COD0070, COD0071, COD0072, COD0073, COD0074, COD0075, COD0083, COD0085		\|COD0036, COD0063<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="+12 more" data-collapsetext="less">COD0064, COD0065, COD0066, COD0068, COD0070, COD0071, COD0072, COD0073, COD0074, COD0075, COD0083, COD0085</div>
	\|-		\|-
	\|''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii''		\|''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii''
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	\|[[#R00809\|Plumptre et al. 2021]]		\|[[#R00809\|Plumptre et al. 2021]]
	\|		\|
	\|COD0036, COD0064, COD0065, COD0066, COD0068, COD0070, COD0071, COD0072, COD0074, COD0075, COD0080, COD0081, COD0082, COD0083, COD0084, COD0085, COD0086, COD0088, COD0122, COD0144, COD0158, COD0159, COD0162		\|COD0036, COD0064<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="+21 more" data-collapsetext="less">COD0065, COD0066, COD0068, COD0070, COD0071, COD0072, COD0074, COD0075, COD0080, COD0081, COD0082, COD0083, COD0084, COD0085, COD0086, COD0088, COD0122, COD0144, COD0158, COD0159, COD0162</div>
	\|-		\|-
	\|''Gorilla beringei graueri''		\|''Gorilla beringei graueri''
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	\|[[#R00809\|Plumptre et al. 2021]]		\|[[#R00809\|Plumptre et al. 2021]]
	\|		\|
	\|COD0036, COD0064, COD0065, COD0066, COD0068, COD0070, COD0071, COD0072, COD0074, COD0075, COD0080, COD0081, COD0082, COD0083, COD0084, COD0085, COD0086, COD0088, COD0122, COD0144, COD0158, COD0159, COD0162		\|COD0036, COD0064<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="+21 more" data-collapsetext="less">COD0065, COD0066, COD0068, COD0070, COD0071, COD0072, COD0074, COD0075, COD0080, COD0081, COD0082, COD0083, COD0084, COD0085, COD0086, COD0088, COD0122, COD0144, COD0158, COD0159, COD0162</div>
	\|-		\|-
	\|''Gorilla beringei graueri''		\|''Gorilla beringei graueri''

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	= Exposure to climate change impacts =		= Exposure to climate change impacts =

	As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. ~~subm.~~ extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.		As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.

	The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (~~see~~ Kiribou et al. ~~subm. for details~~).		The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).

	'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Kahuzi-Biega National Park'''		'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Kahuzi-Biega National Park'''

WikiEdit at 14:46, 1 September 2026

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WikiEdit at 09:43, 14 July 2026

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	\|-		\|-
	\|''Gorilla beringei graueri''		\|''Gorilla beringei graueri''
	\|~~1990~~		\|2015
	\|		\|
	\|		\|
			\|0.79
			\|325.0
			\|Kahuzi-Biega National Park highland sector
			\|Line transects
	\|		\|
	\|~~258.0~~		\|WCS and ICCN, as cited by Spira et al. 2016
	~~\|Kahuzi-Biega National Park~~
	~~\|Full count~~
	\|
	~~\|Yamagiwa~~ et al. ~~1993~~
	\|		\|
	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-
	\|''Gorilla beringei graueri''		\|''Gorilla beringei graueri''
	\|~~2015~~		\|1990
			\|
	\|		\|
	\|		\|
	\|~~0.79~~		\|258.0
	~~\|325~~.0		\|Kahuzi-Biega National Park
	\|Kahuzi-Biega National Park ~~highland sector~~		\|Full count
	\|~~Line transects~~
	\|		\|
	\|~~WCS and ICCN, as cited by Spira~~ et al. ~~2016~~		\|Yamagiwa et al. 1993
	\|		\|
	\|		\|

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	!Year(s)		!Year(s)
	\|-		\|-
	\|~~6 Safety and stability~~		\|4 Institutional support
	\|6.~~3 Civil unrest/war~~		\|4.1 Lack of law enforcement
	\|Plumptre et al. 2015; Spira, Kirkby & Plumptre 2019		\|Plumptre et al. 2015; Spira, Kirkby & Plumptre 2019
	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-
	\|~~4 Institutional support~~		\|6 Safety and stability
	\|4.~~1 Lack of law enforcement~~		\|6.3 Civil unrest/war
	\|Plumptre et al. 2015; Spira, Kirkby & Plumptre 2019		\|Plumptre et al. 2015; Spira, Kirkby & Plumptre 2019
	\|		\|

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	* Conservation activities reported include different types of patrolling, e.g., for surveillance, demarcation, wildlife/threat research and ecotourism.		* Conservation activities reported include different types of patrolling, e.g., for surveillance, demarcation, wildlife/threat research and ecotourism.
	* Kahuzi-Biega National Park was declared a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1980.		* Kahuzi-Biega National Park was declared a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1980.






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	!Description		!Description
	!Year of threat		!Year of threat
	\|-
	~~\|6 Human intrusions & disturbance~~
	~~\|6.2 War, civil unrest & military exercises~~
	~~\|High (more than 70% of population affected)~~
	\|Breakdown of government control with the onset of civil war in 1996. The Congolese wildlife authority lost control of the park; armed groups settled within its boundaries and unregulated extraction of minerals continue to fuel civil conflict in the region (Plumptre et al. 2015).
	~~\|1996-2003~~
	\|-		\|-
	\|3 Energy production & mining		\|3 Energy production & mining
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	\|High levels of subsistence hunting and bushmeat extraction, linked to mining activities in and around the site (Spira et al. 2019).		\|High levels of subsistence hunting and bushmeat extraction, linked to mining activities in and around the site (Spira et al. 2019).
	\|Ongoing (2019)		\|Ongoing (2019)
			\|-
			\|6 Human intrusions & disturbance
			\|6.2 War, civil unrest & military exercises
			\|High (more than 70% of population affected)
			\|Breakdown of government control with the onset of civil war in 1996. The Congolese wildlife authority lost control of the park; armed groups settled within its boundaries and unregulated extraction of minerals continue to fuel civil conflict in the region (Plumptre et al. 2015).
			\|1996-2003
	\|}		\|}

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	\|The site is a National Park.		\|The site is a National Park.
	\|		\|
	\|1970-Ongoing (~~2023~~)		\|1970-Ongoing (2026)
	\|}		\|}