Bwindi Impenetrable National Park - Revision history

WikiEdit at 21:52, 15 October 2026

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	<span id="R00315"></span>Uganda Wildlife Authority. (2014). Bwindi Impenetrable National Park: General management plan 2014–2024 (pp. 23–25). Uganda Wildlife Authority.		<span id="R00315"></span>Uganda Wildlife Authority. (2014). Bwindi Impenetrable National Park: General management plan 2014–2024 (pp. 23–25). Uganda Wildlife Authority.

	<span id="R02167"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), ~~1-19~~. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]		<span id="R02167"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), e0000345. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]

	<span id="R02020"></span>Gorilla Doctors. https://www.gorilladoctors.org/about-us/		<span id="R02020"></span>Gorilla Doctors. https://www.gorilladoctors.org/about-us/

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	<span id="R00302"></span>Grund, C., Robbins, M. M., & Hobaiter, C. (2025). The gestural repertoire of Bwindi mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei): gesture form and frequency of use. ''Animal Cognition'', 28(1), 1-22. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-025-01977-8 doi:10.1007/s10071-025-01977-8]		<span id="R00302"></span>Grund, C., Robbins, M. M., & Hobaiter, C. (2025). The gestural repertoire of Bwindi mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei): gesture form and frequency of use. ''Animal Cognition'', 28(1), 1-22. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-025-01977-8 doi:10.1007/s10071-025-01977-8]

	<span id="R00303"></span>Hickey, J. R., Basabose, A., Gilardi, K. V., Greer, D., Nampindo, S., Robbins, M. M., & Stoinski, T. S. (2018). Gorilla beringei ssp. beringei. ''IUCN Red List of Threatened Species''. [https://doi.org/10.2305/iucn.uk.2018-2.rlts.t39999a17989719.en doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2018-2.rlts.t39999a17989719.en]		<span id="R00303"></span>Hickey, J. R., Basabose, A., Gilardi, K. V., Greer, D., Nampindo, S., Robbins, M. M., & Stoinski, T. S. (2018). Gorilla beringei ssp. beringei: Hickey, J.R., Basabose, A., Gilardi, K.V., Greer, D., Nampindo, S., Robbins, M.M. & Stoinski, T.S: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T39999A17989719. [https://doi.org/10.2305/iucn.uk.2018-2.rlts.t39999a17989719.en doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2018-2.rlts.t39999a17989719.en]

	<span id="R00304"></span>International Gorilla Conservation Programme. (2022, July 5). Reformed poachers plant four kilometers of Mauritius thorny hedge in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park. https://igcp.org/updates/reformed-poachers-plant-four-kilometers-of-mauritius-thorny-hedge-in-bwindi-impenetrable-national-park/		<span id="R00304"></span>International Gorilla Conservation Programme. (2022, July 5). Reformed poachers plant four kilometers of Mauritius thorny hedge in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park. https://igcp.org/updates/reformed-poachers-plant-four-kilometers-of-mauritius-thorny-hedge-in-bwindi-impenetrable-national-park/
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	<span id="R00315"></span>Uganda Wildlife Authority. (2014). Bwindi Impenetrable National Park: General management plan 2014–2024 (pp. 23–25). Uganda Wildlife Authority.		<span id="R00315"></span>Uganda Wildlife Authority. (2014). Bwindi Impenetrable National Park: General management plan 2014–2024 (pp. 23–25). Uganda Wildlife Authority.

	<span id="R02167"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), ~~e0000345~~. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]		<span id="R02167"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), 1-19. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]

	<span id="R02020"></span>Gorilla Doctors. https://www.gorilladoctors.org/about-us/		<span id="R02020"></span>Gorilla Doctors. https://www.gorilladoctors.org/about-us/

WikiEdit at 00:10, 15 October 2026

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	= Site characteristics =		= Site characteristics =

	Bwindi Impenetrable National Park is located in southwestern Uganda, on the edge of the Albertine Rift Valley. The area is one of Uganda's oldest and most biologically diverse rainforests, which dates back over 25,000 years ([https://www.ugandawildlife.org/explore-our-parks/parks-by-name-a-z/bwindi-impenetrable-national-park Uganda Wildlife Authority]). Encompassing a series of steep ridges and valleys, Bwindi is the source of five major rivers, which flow into Lake Edward. The park is famous for being home to almost half of the world's mountain gorilla population ([https://www.ugandawildlife.org/explore-our-parks/parks-by-name-a-z/bwindi-impenetrable-national-park Uganda Wildlife Authority]). The site is a designated Important Bird Area, with 347 bird species documented in the forest, including 23 endemic species to the Albertine Rift (BirdLife International 2020). Bwindi was gazetted as a National Park in 1991 and declared a ([https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/682/ UNESCO Natural World Heritage Site]) in 1994.		[[#R02021\|Bwindi Impenetrable National Park]] is located in southwestern Uganda, on the edge of the Albertine Rift Valley. The area is one of Uganda's oldest and most biologically diverse rainforests, which dates back over 25,000 years ([https://www.ugandawildlife.org/explore-our-parks/parks-by-name-a-z/bwindi-impenetrable-national-park Uganda Wildlife Authority]). Encompassing a series of steep ridges and valleys, Bwindi is the source of five major rivers, which flow into Lake Edward. The park is famous for being home to almost half of the world's mountain gorilla population ([https://www.ugandawildlife.org/explore-our-parks/parks-by-name-a-z/bwindi-impenetrable-national-park Uganda Wildlife Authority]). The site is a designated Important Bird Area, with 347 bird species documented in the forest, including 23 endemic species to the Albertine Rift (BirdLife International 2020). Bwindi was gazetted as a National Park in 1991 and declared a ([https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/682/ UNESCO Natural World Heritage Site]) in 1994.

	'''Table 1. Basic site information for Bwindi Impenetrable National Park'''		'''Table 1. Basic site information for Bwindi Impenetrable National Park'''

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	\|2 Resources and capacity		\|2 Resources and capacity
	\|2.3 Continuous/long-term funding		\|2.3 Continuous/long-term funding
	\|BINP 2025, [[#R00297\|Bitariho et al.2022]], [[#R00315\|UWA 2014]], [[#R00314\|UWA 2001]]		\|[[#R00298\|BINP 2025]], [[#R00297\|Bitariho et al.2022]], [[#R00315\|UWA 2014]], [[#R00314\|UWA 2001]]
	\|2001-Ongoing (2025)		\|2001-Ongoing (2025)
	\|-		\|-
	\|2 Resources and capacity		\|2 Resources and capacity
	\|2.5 Sufficient capacity/expertise to advise, design, or implement actions		\|2.5 Sufficient capacity/expertise to advise, design, or implement actions
	\|BINP 2025, [[#R00305\|IIED 2016]], [[#R00315\|UWA 2014]], [[#R00314\|UWA 2001]]		\|[[#R00298\|BINP 2025]], [[#R00305\|IIED 2016]], [[#R00315\|UWA 2014]], [[#R00314\|UWA 2001]]
	\|2001-Ongoing (2025)		\|2001-Ongoing (2025)
	\|-		\|-
	\|2 Resources and capacity		\|2 Resources and capacity
	\|2.6 External partnerships that add expertise or resources		\|2.6 External partnerships that add expertise or resources
	\|BINP 2025, [[#R00305\|IIED 2016]], [[#R00315\|UWA 2014]]		\|[[#R00298\|BINP 2025]], [[#R00305\|IIED 2016]], [[#R00315\|UWA 2014]]
	\|1994-Ongoing (2025)		\|1994-Ongoing (2025)
	\|-		\|-
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	\|4 Institutional support		\|4 Institutional support
	\|4.1 Effective legislation and law enforcement		\|4.1 Effective legislation and law enforcement
	\|BINP 2025, [[#R00315\|UWA 2014]], [[#R00314\|UWA 2001]]		\|[[#R00298\|BINP 2025]], [[#R00315\|UWA 2014]], [[#R00314\|UWA 2001]]
	\|2001-Ongoing (2025)		\|2001-Ongoing (2025)
	\|}		\|}

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WikiEdit at 12:13, 3 September 2026

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	= Exposure to climate change impacts =		= Exposure to climate change impacts =

	As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. ~~subm.~~ extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.		As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.

	The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (~~see~~ Kiribou et al. ~~subm. for details~~).		The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).

	'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park'''		'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park'''

WikiEdit at 14:44, 1 September 2026

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WikiEdit at 13:29, 2 June 2026

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	\|-		\|-
	\|5 Biological resource use		\|5 Biological resource use
	\|5.1.2 Unintentional effects ~~(species is not the target)~~		\|5.1.2 Unintentional effects
	\|Present (unknown severity)		\|Present (unknown severity)
	\|Poaching as a non-target species, e.g., snares set up for other animals (Hickey et al. 2018). Great apes have sustained injuries after being caught in traps probably intended for other animals (Robbins pers. comm. 2025).		\|Poaching as a non-target species, e.g., snares set up for other animals (Hickey et al. 2018). Great apes have sustained injuries after being caught in traps probably intended for other animals (Robbins pers. comm. 2025).

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	\|-		\|-
	\|2 Resources and capacity		\|2 Resources and capacity
	\|2.~~3 General lack~~ of ~~funding~~		\|2.1 Lack of capacity/training
	\|UWA 2001, UWA 2014		\|UWA 2001, UWA 2014, Basiibye personal obs. 2025
	\|2001-Ongoing (~~2014~~)		\|2001-Ongoing (2025)
	\|-		\|-
	\|2 Resources and capacity		\|2 Resources and capacity
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	\|-		\|-
	\|2 Resources and capacity		\|2 Resources and capacity
	\|2.~~1 Lack~~ of ~~capacity/training~~		\|2.3 General lack of funding
	\|UWA 2001, UWA 2014~~, Basiibye personal obs. 2025~~		\|UWA 2001, UWA 2014
	\|2001-Ongoing (~~2025~~)		\|2001-Ongoing (2014)
	\|-		\|-
	\|2 Resources and capacity		\|2 Resources and capacity
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	\|UWA 2001, UWA 2014, Basiibye personal obs. 2025		\|UWA 2001, UWA 2014, Basiibye personal obs. 2025
	\|2001-Ongoing (2025)		\|2001-Ongoing (2025)
			\|-
			\|3 Engaged community
			\|3.1 General lack of community engagement or support
			\|UWA 2001, UWA 2014
			\|2001-Ongoing (2014)
	\|-		\|-
	\|4 Institutional support		\|4 Institutional support
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	\|UWA 2001, UWA 2014, Basiibye personal obs. 2025		\|UWA 2001, UWA 2014, Basiibye personal obs. 2025
	\|2001-Ongoing (2025)		\|2001-Ongoing (2025)
	\|-
	~~\|3 Engaged community~~
	~~\|3.1 General lack of community engagement or support~~
	~~\|UWA 2001, UWA 2014~~
	~~\|2001-Ongoing (2014)~~
	\|}		\|}

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@@ Line 14: / Line 14: @@
 * Conservation activities have focused on ecotourism programs, awareness raising, education, and regularly monitoring the health of habituated gorillas.
 * The park is a UNESCO Natural World Heritage Site.
 <div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: Bwindi_juvenile_Dirck_Byler.jpg | 300px | thumb| none | Mountain gorilla infant © Dirck Byler]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: Bwindi_Mtgorilla_stem_Dirck_Byler.jpg | 300px | thumb| none |Mountain gorilla © Dirck Byler]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: BwindiMt_gorilla_Dirck_Byler.jpg | 300px | thumb| none |Mountain gorilla © Dirck Byler]] </li></ul></div>
 = Site characteristics =
@@ Line 137: / Line 133: @@
 |Human encroachment near park edges, with a lot of informal settlements (Basiibye, personal observation, 2025; McNeilage et al. 2006)
 |2006-Ongoing (2025)
 |-
 |5 Biological resource use
@@ Line 143: / Line 145: @@
 |Signs of illegal hunting reported during a census (Bitariho et al. 2022).
 |1994-Ongoing (2022)
 |-
 |5 Biological resource use
@@ Line 155: / Line 169: @@
 |Collection of firewood and tree cuttings (Bitariho et al. 2022).
 |1994-Ongoing (2022)
 |-
 |6 Human intrusions & disturbance
@@ Line 197: / Line 199: @@
 |A potential risk of disease transmission between humans and great apes is reported, details are unknown (Robbins pers. comm. 2025).
 |Ongoing (2025)
 |}