View source for UFA 10-011 ZICGC1

[[Central Africa]] > [[Cameroon]] > [[UFA 10-011_ZICGC1]]

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__TOC__
= Summary =

<div style='float: right'>{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers=OpenStreetMap,OpenTopoMap|2.394262, 15.586090~[[UFA 10-011_ZICGC1]]~''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'', ''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''}}</div>
* Central chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'') & western lowland gorillas (''Gorilla gorilla gorilla'') are present in UFA 10-011_ZICGC1.
* The great ape population was estimated at 1,841 individuals (95% CI: 1,196–2,834) in 2018.
* Both populations were stable between 2015 and 2018.





= Site characteristics =

UFA 10-011_ZICGC1, is part of the TNS (Tri-National de la Sangha) landscape, a UNESCO World Heritage site known for its exceptional biodiversity. It hosts a range of endangered and endemic species, including the western lowland gorilla and chimpanzee, both of which are critical species in conservation efforts. The area’s ecological importance lies in its dense tropical forests, which act as a significant carbon sink and support high levels of biodiversity. The site is rich in cultural value, with local communities relying on the forest for sustainable resources, though conservation efforts aim to reduce pressure from hunting and land encroachment. Special designations include its role as part of a larger transboundary conservation initiative, promoting cross-border cooperation between Cameroon, Congo, and the Central African Republic ([[#R01846|Beukou et al. 2019]]).

'''Table 1. Basic site information for UFA 10-011_ZICGC1'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
|Species
|''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'', ''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
|-
|Area
|553.09 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|Lat: 2.394262 , Lon:  15.586090
|-
|Type of site
|Logging concession and community managed hunting interest zone
|-
|Habitat types
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest
|-
|Type of governance
|
|}

[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]] 

= Ape status =



'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for UFA 10-011_ZICGC1'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
!Species
!Year
!Occurrence
!Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
!Survey area
!Sampling method
!Analytical framework
!Source
!Comments
!A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
|2018
|
|
|2.05 (1.16-3.62)
|1,136 (645-2,001)
|UFA 10-011/ZICGC1 (553.09 km²)
|Line transects
|Distance sampling with survey specific decay time
|[[#R01846|Beukou et al. 2019]], WWF Cameroon
|
|CMR0058, CMR0128<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="+5 more" data-collapsetext="less">CMR0132, CMR0135, CMR0138, CMR0150, CMR0153</div>
|-
|''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'' & ''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
|2018
|
|
|3.33 (2.16-5.12)
|1,841 (1,196-2,834)
|UFA 10-011/ZICGC1 (553.09 km²)
|Line transects
|Distance sampling with adopted decay time
|[[#R01846|Beukou et al. 2019]], WWF Cameroon
|Results are adjusted for observed nest degradation rates and construction rates derived from other study regions.
|CMR0058, CMR0128<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="+5 more" data-collapsetext="less">CMR0132, CMR0135, CMR0138, CMR0150, CMR0153</div>
|-
|''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
|2015
|
|
|1.99 (1.31-3.01)
|1,100 (726-1,666)
|UFA 10-011/ZICGC1 (553.09 km²)
|Line transects
|Distance sampling with survey specific decay time
|[[#R01846|Beukou et al. 2019]], WWF Cameroon
|
|CMR0058, CMR0128<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="+5 more" data-collapsetext="less">CMR0132, CMR0135, CMR0138, CMR0150, CMR0153</div>
|-
|''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'' & ''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
|2015
|
|
|2.18 (1.48-3.21)
|1,207 (820-1,776)
|UFA 10-011/ZICGC1 (553.09 km²)
|Line transects
|Distance sampling with survey specific decay time
|[[#R01846|Beukou et al. 2019]], WWF Cameroon
|
|CMR0058, CMR0128<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="+5 more" data-collapsetext="less">CMR0132, CMR0135, CMR0138, CMR0150, CMR0153</div>
|}

[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]] 

= Threats =



'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for UFA 10-011_ZICGC1'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
!Category
!Specific threats
!Threat level
!Description
!Year of threat
|-
|3 Energy production & mining
|3.2 Mining & quarrying
|Present (unknown severity)
|Artisanal mining activities cause localized habitat degradation and disturbance to wildlife, including apes ([[#R01846|Beukou et al. 2019]]).
|2015-Ongoing (2018)
|-
|4 Transportation & service corridors
|4.1 Roads & railroads
|Medium (30-70% of population affected)
|Presence of logging roads facilitates access for illegal hunters and expands human activities in the forest ([[#R01846|Beukou et al. 2019]]).
|2010-Ongoing (2018)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Increased poaching for bushmeat and incidental targeting of apes, exacerbated by the availability of firearms ([[#R01846|Beukou et al. 2019]]).
|2005-Ongoing (2018)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Logging activities in the concession areas lead to habitat degradation and fragmentation, increasing access for hunters ([[#R01846|Beukou et al. 2019]]).
|2010-Ongoing (2018)
|-
|9 Pollution
|9.3 Agricultural & forestry effluents
|Present (unknown severity)
|Expansion of agricultural activities by local communities near the forest edges leads to encroachment into ape habitats ([[#R01846|Beukou et al. 2019]]).
|2010-Ongoing (2018
|}

[[Threats]] 

= Conservation activities =



'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for UFA 10-011_ZICGC1'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Conservation_activities-table"
!Category
!Specific activity
!Description
!Implementing organization(s)
!Year of activity
|-
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
|2.11 Implement monitoring surveillance strategies (e.g., SMART) or use monitoring data to improve effectiveness of patrols
|Periodic ecological surveys, including population monitoring of great apes and other key species, to inform conservation strategies and track progress ([[#R01846|Beukou et al. 2019]]).
|WWF, TNS research teams
|2010-Ongoing (2018)
|-
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
|2.13 Provide sustainable alternative livelihoods; establish fish- or domestic meat farms
|Development of income-generating micro-projects, including alternative protein sources, to reduce dependence on bushmeat and mitigate habitat destruction ([[#R01846|Beukou et al. 2019]]).
|WWF, local development agencies
|2015-Ongoing (2018)
|-
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
|2.3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
|Regular patrols conducted by eco-guards and local trackers to reduce illegal hunting and poaching activities in the area ([[#R01846|Beukou et al. 2019]]).
|WWF Jengi-TNS Program
|2005-Ongoing (2018)
|-
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
|2.8 Provide training to anti-poaching ranger patrols
|Training programs for eco-guards to improve efficiency and enhance the operational capacity of surveillance teams ([[#R01846|Beukou et al. 2019]]).
|WWF, Cameroon Ministry of Forestry
|2014-Ongoing (2018)
|-
|4 Education & awareness
|4.1 Educate local communities about apes and sustainable use
|Awareness campaigns and training sessions aimed at educating local communities on biodiversity conservation and sustainable resource use ([[#R01846|Beukou et al. 2019]]).
|WWF, local NGOs
|2010-Ongoing (2018)
|-
|4 Education & awareness
|4.2 Involve local community in ape research and conservation management
|Engagement with local communities to promote sustainable wildlife management practices, including hunting regulation and monitoring of faunal populations ([[#R01846|Beukou et al. 2019]]).
|Local authorities, WWF
|2007-Ongoing (2018)
|}

[[Conservation activities]] 

= Challenges =



'''Table 5. Challenges reported for UFA 10-011_ZICGC1'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
!Challenges
!Specific challenges
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|2.2 Lack of staff
|[[#R01846|Beukou et al. 2019]]
|2005-Ongoing (2018)
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|2.4 Lack of continuous/long-term funding
|[[#R01846|Beukou et al. 2019]]
|2010-Ongoing (2018)
|-
|4 Institutional support
|4.1 Lack of law enforcement
|[[#R01846|Beukou et al. 2019]]
|2015-Ongoing (2018)
|-
|5 Ecological context
|5.1 Ecological constraints (e.g., susceptibility to climate change, difficult terrain)
|[[#R01846|Beukou et al. 2019]]
|2010-Ongoing (2018)
|-
|6 Safety and stability
|6.2 Insecurity
|[[#R01846|Beukou et al. 2019]]
|2015-Ongoing (2018)
|}

[[Challenges]] 

= Enablers =



'''Table 6. Enablers reported for UFA 10-011_ZICGC1'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
!Enablers
!Specific enablers
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|1 Site management
|1.1 Effective leadership
|[[#R01846|Beukou et al. 2019]]
|2005-Ongoing (2018)
|-
|1 Site management
|1.3 Adaptive management practices
|[[#R01846|Beukou et al. 2019]]
|2010-Ongoing (2018)
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|2.6 External partnerships that add expertise or resources
|[[#R01846|Beukou et al. 2019]]
|2005-Ongoing (2018)
|-
|3 Engaged community
|3.6 Local community engagement and support
|[[#R01846|Beukou et al. 2019]]
|2007-Ongoing (2018)
|-
|4 Institutional support
|4.1 Effective legislation and law enforcement
|[[#R01846|Beukou et al. 2019]]
|2010-Ongoing (2018)
|}

[[Enablers]] 

= Research activities =

The primary focus of research at the site includes ecological monitoring, biodiversity assessments, and the monitoring of key species including gorillas and chimpanzees. These activities are part of larger efforts to track population dynamics, habitat health, and threats to wildlife, such as poaching and habitat destruction.The research is primarily driven by WWF, with support from various academic and conservation partners. Field surveys, including distance sampling and habitat surveys, are regularly conducted to gather data on species density and distribution. Additionally, long-term monitoring is implemented to track the effectiveness of conservation strategies and to adapt management practices accordingly. WWF's Jengi-TNS program is heavily involved in these efforts, with collaboration from local institutions and international research teams. The research activities are crucial for informing adaptive management strategies and ensuring the effectiveness of conservation interventions ([[#R01846|Beukou et al. 2019]]). The scientific references in the document, such as Beuko et al. (2019), highlight the ongoing efforts to monitor and assess biodiversity within the area and provide evidence for the development of more effective conservation policies.


= Documented behaviours =



'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for UFA 10-011_ZICGC1'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
!Category
!Behavior
!Observation type
!Prevalence
!Observation dates
!Source
!Habituation
!Species
!Comment
|-
|
|Nut cracking, for Chimpanzees
|
|
|
|[[#R01846|Beukou et al. 2019]]
|
|
|
|-
|
|Nest building for Gorillas
|
|
|
|[[#R01846|Beukou et al. 2019]]
|
|
|
|}

[[Behaviours]] 

= Exposure to climate change impacts =

As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, [[#R02329|Kiribou et al. (2024)]] extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.

The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated ([[#R02329|Kiribou et al. 2024]]).

'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in UFA 10-011_ZICGC1'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima-table"
!Value
!1981-2010
!2021-2050, RCP 2.6
!2021-2050, RCP 6.0
!2071-2099, RCP 2.6
!2071-2099, RCP 6.0
|-
|Mean temperature [C]
|24.6
|26
|25.9
|26.2
|27.3
|-
|Annual precipitation [mm]
|1435
|1437
|1477
|1500
|1478
|-
|Max no. consecutive dry days (per year)
|27.6
|22.6
|23.6
|18.5
|22.7
|-
|No. days with heavy precipitation (per year)
|6.6
|8.3
|9.2
|8.5
|10.2
|}


'''Table 9. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in UFA 10-011_ZICGC1'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima2-table"
!Type
!No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)
!% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)
!No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)
!% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)
!No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)
!% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)
!No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
!% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
|-
|Crop failure
|13.5
|0.02
|8
|0.02
|15.5
|0.02
|21.5
|0.02
|-
|Drought
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0.25
|25
|-
|Heatwave
|4.5
|100
|3.5
|100
|4.5
|100
|10
|100
|-
|River flood
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0.25
|0
|0.75
|0.02
|-
|Tropical cyclone
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Wildfire
|30
|0.84
|30
|0.79
|29
|0.66
|29
|0.65
|}


<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:PrecipAnomaly_UFA_10-011_ZICGC_1.png| 450px | thumb| none | Precipitation anomaly in UFA 10-011_ZICGC1]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:TempAnomaly_UFA_10-011_ZICGC_1.png | 450px | thumb| none | Temperature anomaly in UFA 10-011_ZICGC1]] </li></ul></div>

= External links =



= References =

<span id="R01846"></span>Beukou, B., Sombambo, M., Nzooh, Z., N'Goran, K. P., Hessana, D., Sebogo, L., & Mengamenya, A. (2019). Dynamique des populations de grands et moyens mammiferes dans le segment Cameroun du paysage Tri-National dela Sangha. WWF Report and MINFOP.

<span id="R02329"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), e0000345. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]



'''Page created by: '''Onella Mundi''' Date:''' 2024-11-27 14:35:00